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Brief and commonplace daily verbal, behavioral, or environmental indignities that communicate hostile, derogatory, or negative racial slights. Examples include asking someone where they're really from or giving backhanded compliments.

A research method for interpreting the stories that people tell about their experiences, often used to highlight the voices and perspectives of marginalized groups. Examples include using personal stories to understand systemic racism or the impact of microaggressions.

A legal analysis framework that suggests that benefits accrue to people who are categorized as white. Examples include historical laws that enabled only white people to own property or have certain legal rights.

Prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group. Examples include preferential treatment of lighter-skinned individuals over those with darker skin within the same racial community.

Refers to the pervasive and persistent discrimination and disadvantages faced by certain groups in society across various domains such as health, employment, education, and justice systems. Examples include wage gaps and health disparities among different racial groups.

An educational approach informed by critical theory, emphasizing reflection and action to address power imbalances in education. Examples include incorporating the experiences of marginalized groups into curricula and promoting active engagement with social justice issues.

A framework for understanding how aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege. Examples include the intersection of race, gender, and socioeconomic status affecting experiences of oppression.

The societal privileges that benefit white people beyond what is commonly experienced by non-white people under the same social, political, or economic circumstances. Examples include not being racially profiled or having more representation in media.

The non-financial social assets that promote social mobility, such as education, intellect, style of speech, dress, or physical appearance. Examples include having a degree from a prestigious university or being fluent in a particular social language or etiquette.

A concept that race is not biologically grounded but is a social construct that varies across cultures and contexts. Examples include varying racial classifications over time and in different countries.

A form of racism that is embedded through laws, regulations, and customs of a society or organization. It manifests in discriminatory treatments and opportunities based on race, such as racial profiling or disparities in the justice system.

An ideological stance that proposes the best way to end discrimination is by treating individuals as equally as possible, without regard to race, culture, or ethnicity. However, critics argue that this can disregard the real-world effects of racial disparity. Examples include policies that forbid any racial or ethnic consideration.

The use of race or ethnicity as grounds for suspecting someone of having committed an offense. Examples include law enforcement practices like stop-and-frisk, or targeting individuals for security screening based on their race.

A principle stating that the majority group only supports the interests of minorities when those actions also serve their own interests. An example includes the Brown v. Board of Education ruling, which some argue was partly to improve the international image of the U.S. during the Cold War.