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A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research on a topic. It is used to create a context for the research question or to identify trends and gaps in the literature.

A case study is an in-depth investigation of a single individual, group, event, or community. It is used to delve deep into a subject's specifics, context, and peculiarities, usually when the focus is on an individual or group's particularity.

Content analysis is a research method for studying documents and communication artifacts, which might be texts of various formats, pictures, audio or video. It is used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data.

Ethnography is the systematic study of people and cultures from the point of view of the subject. It is used when researchers want to understand complex social phenomena from an insider perspective.

Action research is a process that combines action, evaluation, and critical reflection to solve a problem or improve a situation. It is often used in community and organizational settings to engage participants in the research process.

Experimental design refers to the process of planning an experiment to rigorously test hypotheses, typically with a controlled and an experimental group to determine causality. It is used when conditions can be controlled to isolate cause and effect.

Surveys are research methods that involve asking a number of respondents the same set of questions. They are used to collect data from a predefined group of respondents to gain information and insights on various topics of interest.

Historical analysis examines past events to understand the present and anticipate future implications. It is used when studying the historical development of cultures and societies and the legacies of past events on current issues.

A longitudinal study follows the same subjects over a period of time, collecting data at multiple points. It is used to observe changes over time and can help establish patterns and long-term effects.

Quantitative research involves the systematic empirical investigation of observable phenomena via statistical, mathematical, or computational techniques. It's used when one needs to quantify variables and generalize results from a sample to the population of interest.

Participant observation is a qualitative research method where the researcher immerses themselves in the environment of their subjects. It is used to gather firsthand data on the lives, cultures, and practices of the study group.

Focus groups involve guided discussions with a group of individuals to gather opinions and perceptions about specific issues or products. It is used to explore reactions to concepts or ideas in a more social context.

Qualitative research seeks to understand human behavior and the reasons that govern such behavior. It's used in social sciences to gather an in-depth understanding of human behavior and the factors that drive it through participant observation, interviews, and other methods.

Comparative research involves comparing two or more variables, groups, or systems. It is used to reveal patterns, generate hypotheses, and identify determinants of variation.