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A sociological category that refers to a group of people who experience relative disadvantage as compared to members of a dominant social group.

A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and maintain their cultural differences, often viewed positively as a sign of a tolerant and diverse society.

The discriminatory practice by law enforcement officials of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on the individual's race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin.

Allegations of discrimination against members of a dominant or majority group or in favor of members of a minority or historically disadvantaged group.

The belief in the inherent superiority of one's own ethnic group or culture, often accompanied by a tendency to view other cultures from the perspective of one's own.

The process by which a person or a group's culture comes to resemble those of another group, often as a result of pressure to integrate into the dominant cultural group.

A preconceived opinion that is not based on reason or actual experience; often directed toward people based on race, social class, gender, or other factors.

The theory that social phenomena develop in particular social contexts as a result of individuals working together to construct meanings.

The adoption of elements of one culture by members of another culture, often without permission or understanding of the original culture and context, which can lead to controversy and criticism.

Discrimination that occurs when an individual is targeted not only for one aspect of their identity, such as race, but for the intersection of multiple social categories, like race, gender, and sexuality.

The process of cultural change and psychological change that results following meeting between cultures.

Policies or programs designed to correct historical injustices committed against specific groups by making special efforts to provide members of these groups with access to educational and employment opportunities.

A large group of people with a common heritage or homeland who have since moved out to places all over the world.

The societal privilege that benefits white people over non-white people in some societies, particularly in Western countries.

The dominance of one social group over another, such that the ruling group's worldview becomes the accepted cultural norm; a concept put forth by Antonio Gramsci.

A sociological theory that explains why society functions the way it does by emphasizing on the relationships between the various social institutions that make up society (e.g., government, law, education).

A perspective that endorses the presence of several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society.

A form of social asset that includes familiarity, recognition, and cultural knowledge that helps individuals gain advantages in society.

The recognition that different cultures have different values and practices, which should be understood and respected within their own social context without making judgments.

The spread of cultural beliefs and social activities from one group to another, including the mixing of world cultures through different ethnicities, religions, and nationalities.

The fear or hatred of that which is perceived to be foreign or strange, including people from other countries or cultures.

A process of differentiating between 'us' and 'them' which can lead to prejudice and discrimination towards people perceived to be different or outside the dominant social group.

A concept describing the internal conflict experienced by subordinated or colonized groups in an oppressive society, particularly as described by W.E.B. Du Bois with regard to African Americans.

The practice of performing a small, superficial or symbolic effort towards inclusivity or diversity, especially by recruiting a small number of people from underrepresented groups in order to give the appearance of racial or gender equality within a workforce.

The unjust and discriminatory mistreatment of an individual or group of individuals by society and its institutions as a whole, through unequal selection or bias, intentional or unintentional.

The process of ascribing ethnic or racial identities to a relationship, social practice, or group that did not identify itself as such.

A geographic area with high ethnic concentration, characteristic cultural identity, and economic activity that is tightly linked to the ethnic group within the enclave.

A framework for understanding how various aspects of a person's social and political identities combine to create different modes of discrimination and privilege.

The process by which a community or group renews and revitalizes its cultural practices, traditions, or customs, often in an effort to promote identity and preserve their cultural heritage.

Indirect, subtle, or unintentional acts of discrimination against members of a marginalized group, such as racially motivated or gender-based insensitive remarks.

The formalization of a set of institutional, historical, cultural and social practices within a society that more often than not put minority racial and ethnic groups at a disadvantage.

A demographic group (whether based on ethnicity, race or religion) whose members are perceived to achieve a higher degree of socioeconomic success than the population average.

The political policy of promoting the interests of native inhabitants against those of immigrants, including by supporting immigration-restriction measures.

The prejudice or discrimination against individuals with a dark skin tone, typically among people of the same ethnic or racial group.