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Key Historical Figures in Ethnic Studies

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W.E.B. Du Bois

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Contributions: Co-founder of the NAACP, author of 'The Souls of Black Folk'. Time Period: Late 19th to mid-20th century. Significance: Pioneered sociological studies on African American communities and civil rights.

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Sojourner Truth

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Contributions: African American abolitionist and women's rights activist; famous for her 'Ain't I a Woman?' speech. Time Period: 19th century. Significance: One of the first women to challenge prevailing ideas about race and gender.

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James Baldwin

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Contributions: Novelist, playwright, and activist; his works explore social and psychological pressures related to race and sexuality. Time Period: Mid 20th century. Significance: His essays and novels deal with complexities of racial, sexual, and class distinctions in Western societies.

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Josephine Baker

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Contributions: American-born French entertainer, resistance agent, and civil rights activist. Time Period: Early to mid-20th century. Significance: First African American woman to star in a major motion picture and to become a world-famous entertainer.

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Chico Mendes

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Contributions: Brazilian environmentalist and trade union leader; fought for the Amazon rainforest. Time Period: Late 20th century. Significance: His assassination brought international attention to the struggles of rainforest preservation and workers' rights.

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Cesar Chavez

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Contributions: Labor leader and civil rights activist, co-founded the National Farm Workers Association. Time Period: Mid 20th century. Significance: Advocated for better working conditions for farm workers and used nonviolent tactics.

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Aung San Suu Kyi

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Contributions: Leader of the National League for Democracy in Burma, Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Time Period: Late 20th century to present. Significance: Known for her nonviolent struggle for democracy and human rights under military dictatorship in Myanmar.

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Vine Deloria Jr.

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Contributions: Native American author, theologian, historian, and activist; wrote 'Custer Died for Your Sins'. Time Period: Late 20th century. Significance: His work challenged the mainstream understanding of Native American history and issues.

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B.R. Ambedkar

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Contributions: Indian jurist, economist, and social reformer; principal architect of the Indian Constitution. Time Period: Early to mid-20th century. Significance: Campaigned against the social discrimination of untouchables (Dalits) and supported women's and labor rights.

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Edward Said

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Contributions: Literary theorist and critic; wrote 'Orientalism'. Time Period: Late 20th century. Significance: His work has been foundational in post-colonial studies, particularly his critique of how Western cultures perceive and represent the East.

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Dolores Huerta

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Contributions: Labor leader and civil rights activist; co-founded the United Farm Workers (UFW) with Cesar Chavez. Time Period: Mid 20th century to present. Significance: Played a key role in the American labor movement and advocacy for Hispanic and women's rights.

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Bhagat Singh

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Contributions: Indian socialist revolutionary; fought for Indian independence from British rule. Time Period: Early 20th century. Significance: Seen as a martyr and a symbol of India's struggle for freedom and youth inspiration.

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Steve Biko

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Contributions: South African anti-apartheid activist; founded the Black Consciousness Movement. Time Period: Mid 20th century. Significance: His death in police custody became a symbol of the brutality of the apartheid regime.

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Rigoberta Menchú

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Contributions: Indigenous K'iche' Mayan from Guatemala, human rights activist. Won the Nobel Peace Prize. Time Period: Late 20th century to present. Significance: Brought international attention to the plight of indigenous peoples during and after the Guatemalan Civil War.

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Yuri Kochiyama

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Contributions: Activist for African American, Latino, and Asian American civil rights. Time Period: Mid 20th century to early 21st century. Significance: Her activism spanned many causes including anti-war, black liberation, and reparations for Japanese-American internees.

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Angela Davis

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Contributions: Political activist, academic, and author; associated with the Civil Rights Movement and the Communist Party USA. Time Period: Late 20th century to present. Significance: Works on issues of race, class, feminism, and the prison-industrial complex.

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Assata Shakur

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Contributions: Former member of the Black Panther Party and the Black Liberation Army. Time Period: Late 20th century to present. Significance: Convicted in a controversial trial and later escaped prison; her case continues to be divisive.

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Audre Lorde

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Contributions: Writer, feminist, and civil rights activist; known for her poetry and works like 'Sister Outsider'. Time Period: Late 20th century. Significance: Advocate for intersectionality and the address of sexism, racism, and homophobia.

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Zora Neale Hurston

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Contributions: Author and filmmaker, prominent figure in the Harlem Renaissance, wrote 'Their Eyes Were Watching God'. Time Period: Early to mid-20th century. Significance: Her work on African American folklore and racial struggles is highly celebrated.

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Fred Hampton

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Contributions: Chairman of the Illinois chapter of the Black Panther Party (BPP), and deputy chairman of the national BPP. Time Period: Late 1960s. Significance: Known for his oratory skills and efforts to unify various racial and ethnic groups; died in a police raid.

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Malcolm X

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Contributions: African American Muslim minister and human rights activist; advocated for the rights of blacks and challenged the mainstream civil rights movement. Time Period: Mid 20th century. Significance: A prominent and controversial figure in the history of American civil rights.

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Harriet Tubman

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Contributions: Abolitionist, humanitarian, and armed scout and spy for the United States Army during the American Civil War. Time Period: 19th century. Significance: She escaped slavery and subsequently made some thirteen missions to rescue approximately seventy enslaved people using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad.

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Gloria E. Anzaldúa

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Contributions: Scholar of Chicana cultural theory; co-edited 'This Bridge Called My Back'. Time Period: Late 20th century. Significance: Her work contributed to feminist theory, queer theory, and Chicano/a studies.

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Grace Lee Boggs

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Contributions: Author, social activist, and philosopher; contributed to civil rights, labor, and social justice movements. Time Period: Mid 20th century to early 21st century. Significance: Her activism spanned various social issues, and she was known for her humanistic approach.

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Frantz Fanon

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Contributions: Philosopher and revolutionary, wrote 'The Wretched of the Earth'. Time Period: Mid 20th century. Significance: His work has been influential in post-colonial studies, critical theory, and Marxism.

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