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Ethical Philosophies in Public Administration

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Utilitarianism

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Focuses on the greatest good for the greatest number; decisions are made based on outcome utility.

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Deontology

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Based on a set of rules or moral duties; decisions are made based on rightness or wrongness of actions themselves, not outcomes.

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Virtue Ethics

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Emphasizes virtues and moral character; in public administration, this leads to focus on the integrity and character of leaders and officials.

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Rawlsian Justice

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Based on the principles of justice as fairness; decisions are made considering the position of the least advantaged under a veil of ignorance.

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Communitarianism

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Emphasizes the importance of community and social contexts; decisions consider the communal values and social goods.

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Social Contract Theory

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Based on agreement of governed and government; emphasizes accountability and public officials’ duty to serve the people.

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Feminist Ethics

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Focus on the importance of relationships, care, and empathy in ethical decision-making; implies addressing inequality in decision-making processes.

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Ecological Ethics

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Emphasizes the interdependence of living organisms and the environment; advocates sustainability and conservation in policy-making.

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Libertarianism

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Stresses individual freedom and minimal state intervention; in public administration, this suggests limited government and market-oriented policies.

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