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The obligation of public officials to answer to the actions and decisions they make in their roles as public servants. It involves being responsible to the public.

The use of digital tools and systems to provide public services via the internet. It aims to simplify processes, improve access, reduce costs, and foster transparency in government operations.

Government policy that attempts to influence the direction of the economy through changes in government taxes or through varied spending. The two main instruments of fiscal policy are government expenditures and taxes.

A system of administration distinguished by its clear hierarchy of authority, rigid division of labor, written and inflexible rules, regulations, and procedures, and impersonal relationships.

The portion of the economy composed of both public services and public enterprises. Public services include public goods and governmental services such as the military or law enforcement, while public enterprises are legally owned by the government.

The behaviors, values, rituals, and norms that contribute to the unique social and psychological environment of an organization. This culture can have a significant impact on a public organization's performance.

A governance arrangement where one or more public agencies directly engage non-state stakeholders in a collective decision-making process that is formal, consensus-oriented, and deliberative and that aims to make or implement public policy or manage public programs or assets.

An approach to running public service organizations that is inspired by private sector management techniques. It emphasizes efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and customer satisfaction.

A theory of organizational management and ethics positing that the welfare of an organization's stakeholders (individuals or groups affected by or with a stake in the organization's operations) should be an end in itself.

The process of evaluating and analyzing public policies in terms of their effectiveness, efficiency, and equity to provide policymakers with possible alternatives for achieving societal goals.

The branch of law that oversees the rules and regulations and their enforcement by the government administrations. It provides the legal framework within which public administration is carried out.

The transfer of a business, industry, or service from public to private ownership and control. It is often used to increase efficiency and reduce governmental costs and responsibilities.

A body of government officials who are employed in civil occupations that are neither political nor judicial. Usually refers to employees selected and promoted based on merit.

The process by which the monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting an inflation rate or interest rate to ensure price stability and general trust in the currency.