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Pain management and disease prevention involve routine veterinary care, vaccination, and the use of analgesics where necessary. This is essential to prevent suffering and ensure the timely treatment of illnesses.

Locomotion scoring is a system used to assess dairy cow mobility, with a particular focus on identifying lameness. A higher score indicates greater impairment in mobility. This is important for cow welfare as it allows for early detection and treatment of lameness, preventing pain and further injury.

Body Condition Scoring is a visual assessment of a cow's body fat to determine her energy reserves. The ideal score indicates a balanced energy intake, crucial for health, production, and reproductive success.

Feeding management ensures cows have constant access to nutritious and balanced diets, which is fundamental for maintaining health, production levels, and welfare.

Understanding and respecting the natural social hierarchy among dairy cows can minimize stress and aggression within the group, thereby improving overall welfare.

Environmental enrichment involves providing stimuli to the living conditions of dairy cows to enhance their natural behaviors and well-being. This includes access to pasture, brushes for rubbing, and appropriate bedding, all of which help reduce stress and improve overall welfare.

Stocking density refers to the number of animals per given area. Adequate space is vital for cows to express natural behaviors and avoid overcrowding, which can lead to stress, injury, and disease transmission.

Heat stress management includes strategies like providing shade, ventilation, and water misting systems to combat the effects of high temperatures. It is crucial for preventing heat stress, which can impair health, production, and fertility.

Rumination monitoring is the observation and recording of a cow's cud-chewing activity. Consistent rumination is linked to good health and digestive function, making it an important welfare indicator.