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Dairy farming must adapt to the effects of climate change, including temperature fluctuations, extreme weather events, and changes in precipitation patterns.

Proper manure management can prevent nutrient runoff and methane emissions, while poorly managed manure can lead to environmental pollution and contribute to greenhouse gases.

Intensive dairy farming can impact local ecosystems and wildlife habitats, reducing biodiversity. Conservation practices can mitigate these effects.

Runoff from dairy farms enriched with nutrients can cause eutrophication in water bodies, leading to algal blooms and subsequent aquatic life suffocation.

Expanding dairy operations can lead to deforestation, which reduces carbon sequestration potential and biodiversity, affecting climate regulation and ecosystem services.

Soil erosion from overgrazing and improper land management in dairy farming can lead to loss of fertile topsoil, reduced soil quality, and water pollution.

Dairy farming requires large quantities of water for animals, crop irrigation, and processing. Efficient water usage practices are essential to prevent scarcity and environmental stress.

Dairy farms contribute to greenhouse gas emissions through enteric fermentation in cows, manure management, and milk processing. Methane (CH4) is a significant output which has a higher global warming potential than CO2.

The use of antibiotics in dairy farming can contribute to the development of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a significant risk to human and animal health.