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Method: Pottery is placed in containers called saggars to protect from direct flame and ash. Characteristics: Smokey and muted tones. Effects: Subtle patterns and color variations.

Method: Constructing kilns from paper or cardboard. Characteristics: Temporary, low-cost kiln solution. Effects: Similar to wood firing, with varied marks from the combustible structure.

Method: Firing in a kiln fueled by wood. Characteristics: Natural ash glaze, flashing marks. Effects: Variations from flame path and wood-ash deposits.

Method: Ceramics smothered in smoky materials to create patterns. Characteristics: Smoky shading, monochromatic color scheme. Effects: Blackened areas contrast with natural clay color.

Method: Burning ceramics in a pit dug in the ground. Characteristics: Creates earthy, organic colors and patterns. Effects: Unpredictable, unique surface designs.

Method: Using a microwave kiln for small-scale firing. Characteristics: Quick heating process, convenient for small items. Effects: Similar results to traditional kilns on a miniature scale.

Method: Salt is introduced into a hot kiln. Characteristics: Glossy, orange peel texture. Effects: Salt vapor reacts with silica to form a glaze.

Method: Pottery immersed in a fermenting mixture after heating. Characteristics: Earth tone colors, textured surface. Effects: “Baltic raku” with unique patterns from the fermenting solution.

Method: Applying horsehair to the hot surface of raku pottery. Characteristics: Delicate lines and smoky grey shadows. Effects: Distinctive carbon markings from the horsehair.