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Ion thrusters use beams of ions as propulsion, which provides a very efficient and low-thrust propulsion system for long-duration space missions. They are mostly used for station-keeping, orbit transfer, and deep space missions.

Space telescopes are instruments located outside Earth's atmosphere offering clear and unobstructed views of the universe. They are crucial for astronomical observations, gathering data on cosmic phenomena, and advancing scientific knowledge about the cosmos, such as the Hubble Space Telescope's role in observing distant galaxies.

Space habitats are living quarters for astronauts designed to support life during long-duration missions, such as on the International Space Station (ISS). They must provide life support systems, protection from radiation, and facilities for daily activities.

Cryogenic fuels are extremely cold substances that serve as efficient rocket propellants. Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen are common examples, particularly used in the main engines of space shuttles and other launch vehicles for their energy efficiency and high specific impulse.

The Deep Space Network (DSN) is a worldwide network of large antennas and communication facilities that support interplanetary spacecraft missions. It provides the vital communication link that allows for data collection, navigation, and science experiments.

Robotic arms in space missions are used for tasks such as assembling spacecraft in orbit, capturing and repairing satellites, and assisting astronauts during spacewalks. They are technologically sophisticated, offering precision movement and control in a zero-gravity environment.

Satellite navigation systems consist of constellations of satellites that provide autonomous geo-spatial positioning. They are used in space missions for navigation, precise timing and mapping. An example is the GPS system used by various spacecraft to determine their position in space.

Heat shields protect spacecraft during re-entry into Earth's atmosphere by absorbing and dissipating extreme heat through ablation. They are crucial for ensuring the safety of crew and equipment during the critical phase of re-entry.

Solar sails harness the momentum of photons from the Sun to propel spacecraft without conventional fuel. They are particularly suitable for long-duration missions where carrying large amounts of fuel is impractical.

Zero-gravity 3D printers are specialized devices that can manufacture components and tools in space, reducing the need for carrying spare parts. They are ideal for remote space missions and can assist in developing in-situ resource utilization capabilities.

Space suits are complex garments that provide life support, mobility, and protection from the space environment for astronauts during extravehicular activities (EVAs). They are equipped with communication systems, temperature control, and oxygen supply.

Tether propulsion involves long conducting tethers in space that generate thrust via electromagnetic forces when interacting with a planet's magnetic field. This propulsion technique could be used for adjusting satellite orbits without using fuel.

Laser communication systems offer high-bandwidth, long-distance communication between spacecraft and Earth. They enable faster data transfer rates and are less susceptible to interference than traditional radio-frequency systems, improving mission communication reliability.

Cubesats are small, standardized, and cost-effective satellites often used for scientific research, Earth observation, and educational purposes. They make space technology accessible to a broader range of users and are commonly deployed from the ISS.