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Outer Space Treaty Principles
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Non-appropriation of outer space by any one country
No country can claim sovereignty over outer space or any celestial body; it establishes space as the province of all mankind. This principle prevents any single nation from claiming ownership of celestial real estate, thereby fostering a spirit of international cooperation in space exploration.
Peaceful use of outer space
Outer space is to be used exclusively for peaceful purposes. This principle restricts the militarization of space and prohibits the deployment of nuclear weapons or other weapons of mass destruction in orbit or on celestial bodies.
Assistance to astronauts
Astronauts are regarded as 'envoys of mankind' and states will offer all possible assistance to them in the event of an accident, distress, or emergency landing on the territory of another state or at sea. This principle rallies international cooperation to support human life in space.
Exploration and use of outer space by all countries
Space exploration is the right of all countries, regardless of their technological or economic capabilities. This ensures that space remains accessible for exploration and use by all countries without discrimination.
International responsibility for national space activities
States bear international responsibility for their national space activities, whether governmental or non-governmental. This principle holds nations accountable for ensuring that their activities conform to the treaty's provisions.
Sharing of information and discoveries
All parties to the treaty agree to share information and discoveries resulting from their space exploration and research. This principle fosters a collaborative scientific community and the open exchange of data and findings.
Avoidance of harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies
Parties to the treaty are obligated to avoid harmful contamination of space and celestial bodies. This includes undertaking appropriate measures to prevent biological contamination during space exploration.
Liability for damage caused by space objects
A state that launches a space object is liable for damage caused by that object to another state's property or to persons or property on the ground. This principle aims to ensure accountability and reparation in case of accidents.
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