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NAT Traversal (NAT-T) allows IPsec traffic to pass through NAT devices by encapsulating IPsec packets in UDP.

Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) provides confidentiality, data origin authentication, data integrity, and an optional anti-replay service.

Internet Security Association and Key Management Protocol (ISAKMP) provides a framework for authentication and key exchange.

Security Association Database (SAD) contains parameters for each SA, including encryption and authentication keys.

Security Association (SA) defines the parameters for secure communication between two network entities.

Authentication Header (AH) provides data integrity, data origin authentication, and an optional anti-replay service.

Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) supports the distribution and identification of public encryption keys, enabling secure communication in an IPsec VPN.

Internet Key Exchange (IKE) is used to set up a secure, authenticated communications channel by negotiating cryptographic parameters.

Security Policy Database (SPD) specifies what traffic should be protected by IPsec and the specific parameters for protection.