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TCP/IP Model Layers
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Application Layer
The Application Layer is the topmost layer in the TCP/IP model where applications can access the network services. It defines protocols for node-to-node communication and user interfaces. Example protocols: HTTP (for web browsing), FTP (for file transfer), SMTP (for email).
Transport Layer
The Transport Layer is responsible for delivery of messages between hosts. It manages flow control, error checking, and segmentation/desegmentation of data. Example protocols: TCP (ensures reliable communication), UDP (for faster, less reliable communication).
Internet Layer
The Internet Layer routes packets across different networks and handles the addressing of hosts using IP addresses. It manages the packaging of data into packets/datagrams. Example protocols: IP (provides logical addressing), ICMP (used for error-reporting).
Link Layer
The Link Layer is the lowest layer and is responsible for data transfer between directly connected nodes on the network. It correlates to the combination of Data Link and Physical Layers in the OSI model. Example protocols: Ethernet (for local area networks), PPP (for point-to-point connections).
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