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UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a communication protocol used across the Internet that offers a minimal message-oriented transport layer. It is faster, simpler, and efficient for tasks that require speed over reliability, but it does not ensure data integrity or delivery.

HTTPS (Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure) is an extension of HTTP that is used for secure communication over a computer network. In HTTPS, the communication protocol is encrypted using Transport Layer Security (TLS) or, formerly, Secure Sockets Layer (SSL).

VPN (Virtual Private Network) extends a private network across a public network and enables users to send and receive data across shared or public networks as if their computing devices were directly connected to the private network.

A Subnet Mask is a 32-bit number that masks an IP address and divides the IP address into network address and host address. It's used to create subnetworks within a larger network and improve routing efficiency.

A Switch is a networking device that connects devices together on a computer network by using packet switching to receive, process, and forward data to the destination device.

A Firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules. It typically establishes a barrier between a trusted internal network and untrusted external network, such as the internet.

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) is one of the main protocols in the TCP/IP network protocol suite. It provides reliable, ordered, and error-checked delivery of a stream of data between applications running on hosts communicating via an IP network.

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is an application layer protocol used for transmitting hypermedia documents, such as HTML. It is the foundation of any data exchange on the Web and it is a client-server protocol, which means requests are initiated by the recipient, usually the Web browser.

A MAC Address (Media Access Control Address) is a hardware identifier that uniquely identifies each device on a network. It's a network layer address used to ensure that data reaches the correct device on a LAN.

DNS (Domain Name System) translates human-friendly domain names (like www.example.com) into IP addresses that computers use to identify each other on the network. It's like a phonebook for the internet.

The OSI (Open Systems Interconnection) Model is a conceptual framework used to understand and implement standards for network communication across differing systems. It has 7 layers: Physical, Data Link, Network, Transport, Session, Presentation, and Application.

An IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. It allows a system to be recognized by other systems connected via the Internet protocol. There are two standards: IPv4 and IPv6.

Ethernet is a family of wired computer networking technologies commonly used in local area networks (LANs), metropolitan area networks (MANs) and wide area networks (WANs). It defines a number of wiring and signaling standards for the physical layer, through means of network access at the MAC/ Data Link Layer, and a common addressing format.

SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) and TLS (Transport Layer Security) are cryptographic protocols designed to provide communications security over a computer network. They are used widely in applications like web browsing, email, and voice over IP (VoIP).

TCP/IP Model is a concise four-layered structure for networking protocols. The layers are: Link Layer, Internet Layer, Transport Layer, and Application Layer. It simplifies the concepts of networking into these basic layers for computers to communicate over the internet.

A Router is a networking device that forwards data packets between computer networks. Routers perform traffic directing functions on the internet by using routing tables and policies.

VLAN (Virtual Local Area Network) is a subcategory of VPNs that allows network administrators to partition a single physical network into multiple logical networks. It enables hosts to communicate as if attached to the same broadcast domain, regardless of their physical location.

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4) is the fourth version of the Internet Protocol (IP). It is one of the core protocols of standards-based internetworking methods in the Internet and was the first version deployed for production in the ARPANET in 1983. IPv4 uses a 32-bit address space.

A Hub is a basic networking device that connects multiple computers or other network devices together. Unlike a network switch or router, a hub broadcasts data to all connected devices, without intelligent forwarding.

NAT (Network Address Translation) is a method of mapping an IP address space into another by modifying network address information in the IP header of packets while they are in transit across a traffic routing device.

MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) is a network that spans a physical area larger than a LAN but smaller than a WAN, such as a city. MANs are typically operated at public utilities and are owned and operated by a single entity such as a government body or large corporation.

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6) is the most recent version of the Internet Protocol (IP), designed to eventually replace IPv4, which still carries the vast majority of Internet traffic as of the end of 2020. IPv6 uses a 128-bit address space.

Traceroute is a computer network diagnostic tool for displaying the route (path) and measuring transit delays of packets across an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It shows the series of hops a packet takes to reach its destination.

In networking, a packet is a small segment of a larger message. Data is sent over a network in the form of packets, each containing both header information and the actual data being transmitted.

ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) is a communication protocol used for discovering the link layer address, such as a MAC address, associated with a given internet layer address, typically an IPv4 address. This mapping is a critical function in the IP networking.

LAN (Local Area Network) is a network that connects computers and devices in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, or office building. This facilitates communication and resource sharing among a wide variety of personal computers, servers, and devices.

PING (Packet Internet Groper) is a diagnostic utility used to test the reachability of a host on an Internet Protocol (IP) network and to measure the round-trip time for messages sent from the originating host to a destination computer.

CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection) is a network protocol for carrier transmission that detects collisions and retransmits after a random delay. It was used in early Ethernet technology.

ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) is used by network devices, like routers, to send error messages and operational information indicating success or failure when communicating with another IP address.

POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) is an application-layer Internet Standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve email from a server in an Internet Protocol (IP) network. It is used to download emails from the server to the client's computer and then delete them from the server.

IMAP (Internet Message Access Protocol) is an Internet Standard protocol used by email clients to retrieve messages from a mail server over a TCP/IP connection. It allows users to view and manipulate their email on the server, including organizing and searching messages, before downloading them locally.

A collision domain is a network segment where data packets can collide with one another, particularly in a shared medium. Use of Ethernet switches, rather than hubs, reduces the size of collision domains.

FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol used for the transfer of computer files between a client and server on a computer network. FTP is built on a client-server model architecture using separate control and data connections between the client and the server.

Latency is the time it takes for a data packet to move from its source to its destination. It's a measure of delay and is typically expressed in milliseconds (ms).

NIC (Network Interface Card) is a hardware component that connects a computer to a network. It can be a network card for wired connections or a wireless adapter for WiFi.

A broadcast domain is a logical division of a computer network, in which all nodes can reach each other by broadcast at the data link layer. A broadcast domain may be within the same LAN segment or it can be bridged to other LAN segments.

A port number is a numeric identifier in networking used to route messages to the correct application or service when data arrives at a server. It is part of the addressing information used to identify the senders and receivers of messages.

Bandwidth refers to the maximum rate at which data can be transferred over a network or internet connection. It is typically measured in bits per second (bps).

SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) is an Internet Standard for electronic mail transmission across Internet Protocol (IP) networks. SMTP is used to send messages from a mail client to a mail server or from one mail server to another.

SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is an Internet Standard protocol for collecting and organizing information about managed devices on IP networks and for modifying that information to change device behavior. It's widely used in network management systems to monitor network-attached devices.

CSMA/CA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance) is a network protocol that attempts to avoid collisions by transmitting data after listening to the network and determining that it is clear of traffic.

Throughput is the actual rate at which data is successfully transferred over the communication channel and is typically lower than the bandwidth due to various factors such as protocol overhead and network congestion.

SSH (Secure Shell) is a cryptographic network protocol for operating network services securely over an unsecured network. Typical applications include remote command-line login and remote command execution.

WAN (Wide Area Network) is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical distance/place. WANs are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

Network topology refers to the layout of a network's various elements, including node location and cable installation. Common topologies include bus, star, ring, mesh, and hybrid.