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Hybrid topology is a combination of two or more different types of topologies, such as mixing a star topology with a ring topology.

Mesh topology involves complete interconnection where every node has a connection to every other node in the network, providing high redundancy.

Dual ring topology consists of two concentric rings with data flowing in opposite directions. It adds redundancy and fault tolerance compared to a single ring topology.

Daisy chain topology is a subset of the bus topology where each node is only connected to a neighboring node, creating a linear sequence similar to a chain.

Ring topology connects all nodes in a closed loop on which messages travel around. Each device has exactly two neighbors for communication purposes.

Tree topology integrates the characteristics of Star and Bus topologies. It consists of groups of star-configured networks connected to a linear bus backbone.

Torus topology is a 3D extension of a ring topology. Nodes are arranged in a ring in multiple directions (typically two), creating a toroidal shape, allowing more interconnections.

In a bus topology, all devices are connected to a single central cable, called the bus or backbone. Data is transmitted in one direction from one end of the bus to the other.

In linear topology, nodes are arranged in a series where each node is connected to the next and previous nodes, forming a linear sequence. This is similar to a bus topology without a backbone.

Hierarchical topology, or tree topology, is a network configuration where each lower-level node is connected to a higher-level node, forming a hierarchy.

Fully connected topology, also known as full mesh, is where each node is directly connected to all other nodes, maximizing redundancy and fault tolerance.

Circular topology, not to be confused with ring topology, often refers to a layout where nodes are arranged in a circle and each node is connected to two others, typically without a token-passing protocol.

Star topology involves each node being connected to a central node called a hub. The hub acts as a repeater for data flow.

Partial mesh topology has some redundant interconnections between some, but not all, nodes. This is a compromise between a full mesh and other simpler topologies.