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Essential Unix Commands

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pwd

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Prints the current working directory.

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mv <source> <destination>

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Moves or renames a file or directory from <source> to <destination>.

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head <file>

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Outputs the first part of files.

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tail <file>

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Outputs the last part of files.

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chmod <permissions> <file>

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Changes the file mode bits (permissions) of <file>.

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which <command>

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Shows the full path of shell commands.

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export VAR=value

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Sets an environment variable VAR to a value, making it available to subprocesses.

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rm <file>

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Removes a file.

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df

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Reports file system disk space usage.

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ps

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Reports a snapshot of current processes.

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whoami

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Displays the current user's identity.

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curl <url>

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Transfers data from or to a server, using one of the supported protocols (such as HTTP, HTTPS, FTP, and more).

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nslookup <hostname>

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Queries Internet domain name servers for information about <hostname>.

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unalias <name>

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Removes an alias named <name>.

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ifconfig

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Configures and displays network interface parameters.

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rmdir <directory>

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Removes an empty directory.

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wget <url>

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Downloads files from the web.

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cd <directory>

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Changes the current directory to <directory>.

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man <command>

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Displays the manual pages for <command>.

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jobs

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Lists the jobs running in the background, displaying their status.

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bg %<jobnumber>

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Continues a stopped job by running it in the background.

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crontab -l

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Lists the cron jobs for the current user.

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echo <text>

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Displays a line of text to the standard output.

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env

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Prints out a list of current environment variables.

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cp <source> <destination>

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Copies a file or directory from <source> to <destination>.

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top

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Displays real-time system summary and process information.

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diff <file1> <file2>

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Compares two files line by line.

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less <file>

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View the contents of a text file one screen at a time.

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chown <owner>[:<group>] <file>

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Changes the owner (and optionally the group) of a file.

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alias <name>='<command>'

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Creates an alias <name> for a longer command <command>.

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grep '<pattern>' <file>

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Searches for <pattern> in the specified <file>. Outputs matching lines.

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crontab -e

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Edits the current user's cron jobs.

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mkdir <directory>

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Creates a new directory named <directory>.

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history

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Displays a list of previously executed commands.

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cat <file>

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Displays the contents of <file> to the terminal.

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find <directory> -name '<pattern>'

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Searches for files and directories in <directory> that match <pattern>.

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du <path>

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Estimates the file space usage of <path>.

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tar -cvf <name.tar> <files/directories>

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Creates an archive file named <name.tar> containing the specified files or directories.

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ls

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Lists directory contents.

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scp <source> <user>@<host>:<destination>

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Securely copies files between hosts on a network using the Secure Shell protocol (SSH).

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chmod +x <file>

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Adds execute permissions to a file.

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fg %<jobnumber>

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Brings a background job to the foreground.

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touch <file>

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Creates an empty file or updates the timestamp of an existing file.

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ping <hostname>

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Sends ICMP ECHO_REQUEST packets to a network host to test connectivity.

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netstat

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Displays network connections, routing tables, interface statistics, masquerade connections, and multicast memberships.

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kill <pid>

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Sends a signal to the process with the specified process ID (pid).

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tar -xvf <name.tar>

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Extracts files from an archive named <name.tar>.

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ssh <user>@<host>

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Remotely logs into <host> as <user> using the Secure Shell protocol.

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uname -a

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Displays comprehensive system information.

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dig <hostname>

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Performs DNS lookups and displays the answers that are returned from the name server(s) that were queried.

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