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Systems that determine the operational behavior of a CPS, often based on feedback loops.

Software that provides common services and capabilities to applications outside of what's offered by the operating system.

Networks comprised of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, often used in CPS.

CPS that can adjust their operation automatically in response to changing conditions and requirements.

The practice of jointly designing the hardware and software components of a CPS to optimize system performance and capabilities.

The process of estimating the internal states of a CPS based on its observed outputs, aiding in stability and control.

The protection of CPS against unauthorized digital access, attacks, or damage.

The process of creating abstract representations of a CPS to analyze its components and interactions.

A process within a CPS where the system's outputs are fed back as inputs as part of the control path, essential for dynamic adjustment.

A virtual model of a process, product, or service that mirrors a physical counterpart used in CPS for simulation and analysis.

A method for improving CPS decision-making by enabling systems to learn and predict from data without being explicitly programmed.

Mechanical devices that take decisions from a CPS and convert them into physical actions in the real world.

Systems that are required to respond to input or events within a strict timing constraint, crucial in CPS for timely operations.

The exchange of data between components in a CPS, allowing for distributed sensing, processing, and actuating.

A type of CPS where physical robots interact with the environment, often involving autonomous control and intelligent processing.

A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data.

A distributed computing paradigm which brings computation and data storage closer to the location where it is needed in a CPS.

The ability of a CPS to continue operation despite the presence of faults or errors.

Using data analysis tools and techniques in CPS to detect anomalies and predict equipment failures before they happen.

Computers integrated into physical devices, responsible for controlling the device's specific functions within a CPS.

The on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.

An industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes.

The technique of combining sensory data from disparate sources to result in more accurate, more complete, and more dependable information.

The process of defining, documenting, and maintaining the requirements in the engineering design process of a CPS.

The process of examining data sets in order to draw conclusions about the information they contain, which supports decision-making in CPS.

The use of CPS to continuously monitor physical and environmental variables such as temperature, sound, pressure, water quality, and pollution levels.

Devices that collect data from the physical environment for processing and decision-making in CPS.

The process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose, especially crucial in CPS.

Systems in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages.