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Cyber-Physical Systems Overview
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Machine Learning
A method for improving CPS decision-making by enabling systems to learn and predict from data without being explicitly programmed.
Distributed Systems
Systems in which components located on networked computers communicate and coordinate their actions by passing messages.
Control Systems
Systems that determine the operational behavior of a CPS, often based on feedback loops.
Embedded Systems
Computers integrated into physical devices, responsible for controlling the device's specific functions within a CPS.
Adaptive Systems
CPS that can adjust their operation automatically in response to changing conditions and requirements.
Cloud Computing
The on-demand availability of computer system resources, especially data storage and computing power, without direct active management by the user.
Edge Computing
A distributed computing paradigm which brings computation and data storage closer to the location where it is needed in a CPS.
Real-Time Systems
Systems that are required to respond to input or events within a strict timing constraint, crucial in CPS for timely operations.
Digital Twin
A virtual model of a process, product, or service that mirrors a physical counterpart used in CPS for simulation and analysis.
State Estimation
The process of estimating the internal states of a CPS based on its observed outputs, aiding in stability and control.
Verification and Validation
The process of checking that a software system meets specifications and that it fulfills its intended purpose, especially crucial in CPS.
Environmental Monitoring
The use of CPS to continuously monitor physical and environmental variables such as temperature, sound, pressure, water quality, and pollution levels.
Network Communication
The exchange of data between components in a CPS, allowing for distributed sensing, processing, and actuating.
Actuators
Mechanical devices that take decisions from a CPS and convert them into physical actions in the real world.
Internet of Things (IoT)
A network of physical objects embedded with sensors, software, and other technologies for the purpose of connecting and exchanging data.
Human-Machine Interaction
The interface and communication process between a human and a CPS, which can shape system design and usability.
Feedback Loop
A process within a CPS where the system's outputs are fed back as inputs as part of the control path, essential for dynamic adjustment.
Wireless Sensor Networks
Networks comprised of spatially distributed autonomous sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, often used in CPS.
Sensors
Devices that collect data from the physical environment for processing and decision-making in CPS.
Cybersecurity
The protection of CPS against unauthorized digital access, attacks, or damage.
Middleware
Software that provides common services and capabilities to applications outside of what's offered by the operating system.
Robotic Systems
A type of CPS where physical robots interact with the environment, often involving autonomous control and intelligent processing.
Sensor Fusion
The technique of combining sensory data from disparate sources to result in more accurate, more complete, and more dependable information.
Requirements Engineering
The process of defining, documenting, and maintaining the requirements in the engineering design process of a CPS.
System Modeling
The process of creating abstract representations of a CPS to analyze its components and interactions.
Fault Tolerance
The ability of a CPS to continue operation despite the presence of faults or errors.
Hardware/Software Codesign
The practice of jointly designing the hardware and software components of a CPS to optimize system performance and capabilities.
Data Analytics
The process of examining data sets in order to draw conclusions about the information they contain, which supports decision-making in CPS.
Predictive Maintenance
Using data analysis tools and techniques in CPS to detect anomalies and predict equipment failures before they happen.
PLC (Programmable Logic Controller)
An industrial digital computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes.
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