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Microcontroller Basics
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Input/Output (I/O) Ports
Interfaces through which the microcontroller connects to other peripherals for data exchange.
Digital-to-Analog Converter (DAC)
A microcontroller peripheral that converts digital values to analog signals.
Interrupt
A signal that pauses the CPU's current activities to execute a function, allowing for real-time processing.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The brain of the microcontroller which performs arithmetic and logic operations.
Timers/Counters
Microcontroller components used for time-related functions, such as generating delays or counting events.
Instruction Set
A set of commands that a microcontroller's CPU is designed to execute.
Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
A software application that provides comprehensive facilities to computer programmers for software development.
Flash Memory
A type of non-volatile memory used in microcontrollers for program storage that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
Read-Only Memory (ROM)
Non-volatile memory where the microcontroller's firmware is often stored.
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
A technique used to encode a message into a pulsing signal by varying the width of pulses.
Harvard Architecture
A microcontroller architecture where the program code and data are stored in separate memory blocks.
Power-on Reset (POR)
A microcontroller feature that resets the system to a known state upon powering on.
Peripheral
A device or unit that is connected to the microcontroller to enhance its capabilities or performance.
Brown-out Reset (BOR)
A reset that occurs when the microcontroller's supply voltage falls below a certain threshold.
Memory-mapped I/O
A method where peripheral devices are accessed using regular memory addresses, as if they were part of the main memory.
Random Access Memory (RAM)
Volatile memory used by the microcontroller for temporary data storage during operation.
Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI)
A communication protocol used for short-distance communication, mainly in embedded systems.
Direct Memory Access (DMA)
A feature that allows certain subsystems within the microcontroller to access system memory independently of the CPU.
Flash Programming
The process of uploading the microcontroller's code into its non-volatile flash memory.
Inter-Integrated Circuit (I2C)
A multi-master, multi-slave, packet-switched, single-ended, serial communication bus.
Embedded System
A dedicated system with a combination of hardware and software designed to perform a specific task.
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA)
An integrated circuit that can be configured by a customer or a designer after manufacturing.
Bootloader
A small program that loads the main software or operating system on the microcontroller.
System on a Chip (SoC)
An integrated circuit that integrates all components of a computer or other electronic system into a single chip.
Analog-to-Digital Converter (ADC)
A microcontroller peripheral that converts analog signals to digital values.
Oscillator
A circuit that generates a constant clock signal to synchronize the microcontroller's operations.
Watchdog Timer
A hardware timer that resets the system to avoid a crash when software becomes unresponsive.
Register
A small amount of storage located on the CPU used to quickly access the most frequently used data or instructions.
Clock Speed
The speed at which a microcontroller processes instructions, often measured in MHz or GHz.
Bit
The most basic unit of data in computing and digital communications, which can have a value of 0 or 1.
Real-Time Operating System (RTOS)
An operating system intended to serve real-time application requests within a specified timing constraint.
Microcontroller (MCU)
A compact integrated circuit designed to govern a specific operation in an embedded system.
General Purpose Input/Output (GPIO)
Digital pins on a microcontroller that can be programmed as input or output to interface with other devices.
Von Neumann Architecture
A microcontroller architecture where program instructions and data share the same memory space.
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