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Principles of Digital Signal Processing

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Sampling Rate

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The number of samples of a signal that are taken per second to represent the signal digitally.

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Time-Frequency Analysis

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The analysis of signals with respect to both time and frequency in order to understand features of the signal that change over time.

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Phase Response

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The response of a system to various frequencies of a signal’s phase shift introduced by the system.

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Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) Filter

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A filter whose impulse response is non-zero over an infinite length of time, typically implemented using feedback.

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Least Squares

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A mathematical method used in regression analysis to determine the best-fitting curve by minimizing the sum of the squares of the offsets.

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Adaptive Filter

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A filter that automatically adjusts its parameters according to an optimization algorithm designed to minimize a predefined cost function.

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Matched Filter

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An optimal linear filter designed to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio for a known signal template.

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Z-Transform

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A mathematical transform oftentimes used in the analysis and design of digital filters that maps the discrete time signal into a complex frequency domain.

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Chebyshev Filter

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A filter with a steeper roll-off and more passband ripple or stopband ripple than a Butterworth filter.

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Amplitude Response

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The relationship between the amplitude of the output signal of a system compared to the input signal as a function of frequency.

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Delta Function (δ\delta function)

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A mathematical function that equals zero everywhere except at zero where it is infinitely high, with the integral over the entire real line equals one.

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Bandpass Filter

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A filter that passes frequencies within a certain range and attenuates frequencies outside that range.

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Aliasing

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The effect that causes different signals to become indistinguishable from each other when sampled, often due to a violation of the Nyquist theorem.

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Quantization

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The process of mapping a large set of input values to a (countable) smaller set – such as rounding values to some unit of precision.

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Bilinear Transform

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A mathematical method used in signal processing to convert an analog filter design to a digital filter design.

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Hilbert Transform

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A linear operator that takes a signal and produces a signal with a phase shift of -90 degrees for all frequency components.

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Spectral Leakage

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The spreading of signal energy across multiple frequency bins in the result of digital signal processing, which usually occurs with discrete signals.

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Transfer Function

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A mathematical representation of the relation between the input and output of a linear time-invariant system.

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Digital Filter

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A system or device that selectively passes certain frequencies and attenuates others of a digital signal.

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Convolution

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A mathematical operation used to determine the output of an LTI system given the input signal and the system's impulse response.

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Sampling Theorem

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Another name for the Nyquist theorem, which describes the minimum rate at which a signal can be sampled without introducing errors.

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Nyquist Theorem

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A theorem stating that a continuous signal can be completely represented in its samples and fully reconstructed if it was sampled at twice the highest frequency component.

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Butterworth Filter

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A type of signal processing filter designed to have a frequency response that is as flat as possible in the passband.

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Window Function

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A function used to taper the end of a segment of signal data before digital signal processing is performed to reduce edge effects.

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Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)

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An algorithm to compute the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) efficiently, by reducing the number of computations from O(N2)O(N^2) to O(NlogN)O(N log N).

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Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT)

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A transform that maps a finite list of equally spaced samples of a function into a list of coefficients of a finite combination of complex sinusoids.

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Impulse Response

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The output of a linear time-invariant (LTI) system when presented with a unit impulse input.

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Quantization Error

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The difference between the true analog value and quantized digital value, due to the discrete levels in digital representations.

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Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)

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A measure used in science and engineering to quantify how much a signal has been corrupted by noise.

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Finite Impulse Response (FIR) Filter

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A type of filter whose impulse response settles to zero in finite time as opposed to Infinite Impulse Response (IIR) filters.

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