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A property of hash functions where it is hard to find two different inputs that produce the same output hash.

A method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel.

An organization that issues digital certificates for use by other parties, often for web site authentication.

An attack that makes use of the physical implementation of a cryptographic system, including timing information, power consumption, electromagnetic leaks, or sound.

A symmetric-key algorithm for data encryption that was widely adopted around the world.

An arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication.

A function that converts an input (or 'message') into a fixed-size string of bytes.

The practice of concealing messages or information within other non-secret text or data.

A cryptographic mechanism that verifies the authenticity of a message or document.

An algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers.

A set of roles, policies, hardware, software, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.

An asymmetric encryption technique based on elliptic curves over finite fields.

The use of quantum mechanics to perform cryptographic tasks and secure communication.

Encryption where two different keys are used: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

A short piece of information used to authenticate a message and provide integrity and authenticity assurances.

An encryption technique that cannot be cracked if used correctly. Each byte of plaintext is encrypted by a secret random key that is as long as the plaintext.

A cryptographic key that must be kept secret. It is used for decrypting messages and creating digital signatures.

A type of encryption where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.

Random data that is used as an additional input to a hash function that hashes a password or passphrase.

The result of encryption performed on plaintext rendered unreadable without the cipher key.

An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on the difficulty of factoring large integers.

A symmetric block cipher adopted by the U.S. government.

A cryptographic key that can be disseminated widely to anyone. It is used for encrypting messages and verifying digital signatures.

An enhancement of DES that applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block.

The original message or data that is to be encrypted.

The study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information typically required to do so.

A symmetric encryption algorithm that operates on fixed-size blocks of data using a shared, secret key.

A cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over the Internet.

The successor to SSL, it provides secure communications over a computer network.