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A type of encryption where the same key is used for both encryption and decryption.

Encryption where two different keys are used: a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption.

An asymmetric cryptographic algorithm based on the difficulty of factoring large integers.

An asymmetric encryption technique based on elliptic curves over finite fields.

A function that converts an input (or 'message') into a fixed-size string of bytes.

A property of hash functions where it is hard to find two different inputs that produce the same output hash.

A cryptographic key that can be disseminated widely to anyone. It is used for encrypting messages and verifying digital signatures.

A cryptographic key that must be kept secret. It is used for decrypting messages and creating digital signatures.

A cryptographic mechanism that verifies the authenticity of a message or document.

A method of securely exchanging cryptographic keys over a public channel.

A symmetric block cipher adopted by the U.S. government.

A symmetric-key algorithm for data encryption that was widely adopted around the world.

An enhancement of DES that applies the DES cipher algorithm three times to each data block.

The use of quantum mechanics to perform cryptographic tasks and secure communication.

A short piece of information used to authenticate a message and provide integrity and authenticity assurances.

The study of methods for obtaining the meaning of encrypted information, without access to the secret information typically required to do so.

An algorithm for generating a sequence of numbers that approximates the properties of random numbers.

An organization that issues digital certificates for use by other parties, often for web site authentication.

A cryptographic protocol designed to provide secure communication over the Internet.

The successor to SSL, it provides secure communications over a computer network.

A principle in cryptography that stipulates that a cryptographic system should be secure even if everything about the system, except the key, is public knowledge.

An arbitrary number that can be used just once in a cryptographic communication.

Random data that is used as an additional input to a hash function that hashes a password or passphrase.

The practice of concealing messages or information within other non-secret text or data.

A set of roles, policies, hardware, software, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption.

A symmetric encryption algorithm that operates on fixed-size blocks of data using a shared, secret key.

The original message or data that is to be encrypted.

The result of encryption performed on plaintext rendered unreadable without the cipher key.

An attack that makes use of the physical implementation of a cryptographic system, including timing information, power consumption, electromagnetic leaks, or sound.