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The core component of an operating system that manages system resources and the communication between hardware and software components.

An instance of a running program that includes the program code, its current activity, and the resources assigned to it.

The smallest sequence of programmed instructions that can be managed independently by a scheduler.

A memory management technique that provides an 'idealized abstraction of the storage resources' that is larger than physical memory.

The method and data structures that an operating system uses to keep track of files on a disk or partition.

Part of the operating system that handles the process scheduling. It decides which process will run at any given time.

A signal to the processor emitted by hardware or software when an event that needs immediate attention occurs.

A synchronization tool used to control access to a common resource in a concurrent system.

A state where several processes are unable to continue execution because each is waiting for the other to release resources.

A type of kernel architecture where all the basic system services like process and memory management, interrupt handling, are put together in one large block of code.

A kernel design that provides the minimal amount of mechanisms needed to implement an operating system, with other services running in user space.

A memory management scheme that eliminates the need for contiguous allocation of physical memory by dividing memory into fixed-size blocks.

A memory management technique that divides the process' memory into different segments such as code, stack, and data segments.

The process of moving a process from main memory to disk and back to main memory in order to manage memory more efficiently.

The mechanism in which the state of a process is saved so that another process can be loaded and executed.

A hardware component that handles virtual to physical address translations.

A cache used to reduce the time taken to access a user memory location, storing the recent translations of virtual memory to physical memory addresses.

A redundant array of independent disks; a way of storing the same data in different places on multiple hard disks to protect data in the case of a drive failure.

The capability of an operating system to execute more than one process at a time, either by switching among processes quickly or executing them concurrently.

The ability of a CPU or a single core in a multi-core processor to execute multiple threads concurrently.

A small program that initiates the startup sequence and loads the operating system when a computer starts.

A function of the operating system that translates input or output requests from the system or user into data manipulations on hardware and peripheral devices.

Software that communicates between the operating system and a hardware device.

A programmatic way a computer program requests a service from the kernel of the operating system it is executed on.

A condition in which the kernel of a Unix-like operating system cannot process scheduled tasks for an unexpectedly long time.

A condition in which the hardware is unresponsive and not processing interrupts, often requiring a physical reset or power cycle.

Settings that determine who can read, write, or execute a file in a Unix-like operating system.

A background process on Unix-like systems that often starts with the system and runs without direct user interaction.

A dynamic-named value that can affect the way running processes will behave on a computer.

The portion of a hard disk drive that's used as a virtual extension of a computer's real memory (RAM).

An action taken by an operating system upon detecting an internal fatal error from which it cannot safely recover.

A computing architecture where two or more identical processors are connected to a single, shared main memory and are controlled by a single OS instance.

A computing architecture where each processor is assigned a specific task or tasks, and the main processor controls the system.

A region of physical memory storage used to temporarily store data while it is being moved from one place to another.

A high-speed data storage layer that stores a subset of data, typically transient in nature, so that future requests for that data are served up faster than is possible by accessing the data's primary storage location.

A restricted processing mode designed for applications, where they don't have direct access to hardware and critical system resources.