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Purpose: To serve as a seismic source for marine surveys. Description: Airguns release compressed air into the water, creating sound waves that penetrate the subsurface. Method of Operation: The signal is reflected back and collected by hydrophones, with the return time used to map geological structures.

Purpose: To receive the reflected seismic waves. Description: Streamer cables equipped with hydrophones are towed behind a survey vessel. Method of Operation: The hydrophones within the streamers record the acoustic energy reflected back from the subsurface formations.

Purpose: To monitor changes in a reservoir over time. Description: Repeated 3D seismic surveys are conducted at different times to assess changes in the subsurface related to production activities. Method of Operation: Comparing different data sets allows investigators to understand fluid movements and reservoir conditions over time.

Purpose: To image the seafloor. Description: This equipment emits sonar pulses laterally across the seafloor and detects the acoustic reflections. Method of Operation: It is commonly used to detect obstructions, wrecks, and to assist in laying pipelines through creating detailed maps of the seabed.

Purpose: To record seismic waves near the seafloor for improved data quality. Description: OBS units are placed on the seabed to detect seismic waves, particularly in areas where towed streamers are less effective. Method of Operation: They are deployed and retrieved from the ocean bottom after recording data for a set period.

Purpose: To generate seismic waves over land or shallow water. Description: These are truck-mounted devices that impart vibrations into the ground. Method of Operation: By controlling the vibration frequency and duration, different subsurface layers can be investigated.

Purpose: To create a three-dimensional model of the subsurface. Description: Utilizes an array of sources and receivers to gather data from multiple angles. Method of Operation: Advanced processing techniques are employed to construct a 3D volume of the subsurface geography.

Purpose: Directly measure the properties of rock layers. Description: Geophones are placed in a borehole to record seismic waves at different depths. Method of Operation: A surface seismic source is used, and the data is used to calibrate surface seismic images and assess the rock properties.

Purpose: To obtain a cross-sectional image of the subsurface. Description: Seismic data is collected along a line to produce two-dimensional images. Method of Operation: A single streamer and source pattern is used, creating profiles along specific survey lines.

Purpose: To create detailed images of the subsurface. Description: Multiple hydrophone arrays are towed behind a ship to gather seismic data from a broad area. Method of Operation: The technique allows for simultaneous collection of data across different channels, improving accuracy and resolution.

Purpose: To map subsurface structures. Description: A seismic source, such as an airgun or a vibroseis truck, creates energy that travels through the earth, reflects off various structures, and is recorded by seismometers. Method of Operation: The time it takes for the energy to return is measured to create a profile of subsurface features.