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The hardening of metal by plastic deformation, which increases its yield strength and hardness but decreases its ductility.

Processing or forming metals at temperatures above their recrystallization temperature. It reduces strength, increases ductility, and generally requires less force than cold working.

Heat treatment process which typically includes heating a material to above its recrystallization temperature, holding it at that temperature, and then cooling it, which relieves internal stresses and improves ductility.

The minimum temperature at which the strain-induced defects within the metal are repaired during processing, typically half the melting temperature of the material on an absolute temperature scale.

The stress at which a material begins to deform plastically. Prior to the yield point, the material will deform elastically and return to its original shape when the applied stress is removed.

A defect within the crystal structure of a material where there exists an irregularity within the otherwise orderly arrangement of atoms, and its movement is a primary mechanism in plastic deformation, particularly in metals.

The increase in the size of grains in a polycrystalline material, usually occurring at high temperatures and often after recrystallization.

The ability of a material to undergo significant plastic deformation before rupture, which is a measure of a material's capacity to be drawn into a wire.

Deforming metals below their recrystallization temperature. It increases strength through strain hardening, reduces ductility, and often enhances surface finish.