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Measures the bending of light through a material - Crucial for lenses and optical fibers.

The phenomenon where different wavelengths of light travel at different speeds through a material, causing them to separate spatially - Important for understanding image quality and color separation in lenses.

The process by which particles or imperfections in a material diffuse a beam of light in many directions - Affects the clarity and color of transparent materials.

The fraction of incident light that passes through a material - Important for transparent materials and coatings.

The percentage of visible light transmitted through a material - Relevant for display technologies and lighting applications.

The ratio of the amount of light reflected by a surface to the amount of light incident on it - Significant for mirrors and reflective surfaces.

A measure of how much light is absorbed per unit distance in a material - Important for determining penetration depth and energy conversion efficiency.

The maximum amount of laser power or energy per area that a material can withstand before sustaining physical or chemical damage - Critical for laser optics and safety.

Occurs when a material has two different refractive indices depending on the polarization and direction of light - Important in certain types of optical devices like waveplates.