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A ledge that, in open pit mines and quarries, forms a single level of operation above which mineral or waste materials are mined back to a bench face.

A hole that is drilled in rock so that explosives can be loaded for blasting activities.

A machine used to drill holes in rock so they can be filled with explosives.

Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil, an explosive used in blasting composed of ammonium nitrate and fuel oil.

The amount of explosive used per unit volume of rock blasted ($\text{kg/m}^3$).

The ratio of the amount of explosive used per volume of material blasted ($\text{kg/m}^3$).

An explosive charge used to initiate other explosives or blasting agents.

Inert material used to confine or plug the top portion of a blasthole, preventing the escape of gases and focusing the force of the blast downwards.

Detonating devices that provide a time delay in the detonation sequence, allowing for controlled blasting and vibration management.

The broken rock or earth that results from the process of blasting.

The total amount of explosive charge placed in a single blasthole.

The upper portion of a blast hole, typically lined with casing to prevent collapse and provide a seating for the blasting cap.

The drilling beyond the planned floor or toe level of a bench to ensure complete breakage to the desired level.

A practice in blasting which involves leaving an air space in the upper portion of a blasthole to enhance fragmentation efficiency.

A set of blasting techniques designed to limit the impact of blasting on the environment and structures, often involving precise timing and placement of charges.

The speed at which the detonation wave travels through an explosive material, typically measured in meters per second ($\text{m/s}$).

The excess rock broken beyond the planned dimensions of a tunnel or excavation.

The rock broken beyond the limits of the last row of holes in a blast.

The void or space created by the first row of explosives in a series of blasts designed to break out a large volume of rock.

The bottom portion of a drilled blasthole; the forefront for the floor level of a bench, often challenging to break effectively.

The arrangement of blastholes for a given blast, including their spacing, depth, and the sequence of detonation.

The distance from a single blasthole to the nearest free face; a key parameter in determining the spacing and size of blastholes.

Rock fragments that are ejected beyond the immediate blast area due to an explosion, posing a serious safety hazard.

The vertical or sloping surface in a mine or quarry where drilling and blasting is taking place.

The practice of dividing a blasthole into two or more sections with different charges, separated by stemming material.

A technique where a row of closely spaced drill holes is fired before the main blast to create a smooth wall and minimize overbreak.

The removal of loose rock from the surfaces of a mine after a blast to ensure a safe working environment.

An instrument used to measure the movement of the ground, including vibrations from blasting.

The action of packing an explosive charge in a drill hole with stemming material to ensure the force of the blast is directed into the rock.

The hole drilled in rock that will be loaded with explosives for a blast.

A heavy covering, often made of steel or rubber, used to cover blastholes to contain flyrock and debris.

The assembly of components used to ignite the explosive charge, which includes the detonator, fuse, and any relay devices.

A long anchor bolt, used in mining and tunneling, to stabilize walls and ceilings during underground excavations.

A test conducted on a rock bolt to ensure its holding capacity and the integrity of the rock mass.