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Worthless minerals or rock that occur alongside ore within a vein or deposit.

A natural, solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted.

A process of applying heat to ore in order to extract a base metal, often using a furnace.

A process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic ones, used in mineral processing.

An industrial mining process used to extract precious metals from ore by a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and then re-separate them after their division from other earth materials.

The extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.

A process in which metal ions are reduced to the metal from a solution by passing an electric current through it.

The branch of metallurgy involving the treatment of ores and metal at high temperatures.

The branch of metallurgy that processes metals through aqueous solutions to recover metals from their ores, concentrates or recycled materials.

The practice of processing ores to separate valuable minerals from waste materials, improving the mineral concentration of the ore.

A metallurgical process that involves heating ore in the presence of excess air or oxygen to remove volatile impurities such as arsenic and sulfur.

Residue left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic portion of an ore.

The concentration of a valuable mineral or metal within ore, expressed as grams per tonne or as a percentage.

A refined ore after the ore beneficiation process, containing a high percentage of the valuable metal.

A molten mixture of sulfides formed as an intermediate product in the smelting of sulfide ores for their metal content.

The glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated from raw ore during the smelting process.

The process of reducing the size of particles in a material to a finer grind, mainly used in the mineral processing industry.

A hydrometallurgical process that extracts gold from ore with a cyanide solution.

A pressure vessel used in the extraction of metals through high-pressure oxidation (hydrometallurgy).

Chemicals used in the froth flotation process to aid in the separation of minerals.

The process of crushing and grinding ore to the point where each mineral grain is freed from one another.

The removal of oxygen from a compound, usually by the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen, widely used in metal extraction.

A method used in the gold mining industry to separate gold from ore using activated carbon to absorb gold cyanide complex.

A simultaneous leach and absorption process that introduces activated carbon directly into the cyanide leach solution to recover gold.

The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a material, especially in the context of metal production.

The positive electrode in an electrochemical cell, which donates electrons and undergoes oxidation during electrolysis.

The negative electrode in an electrochemical cell, which accepts electrons and undergoes reduction.

Scum formed on the surface of molten metal due to the oxidation of impurities during smelting or refining.

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance (typically water at 4°C).

A gravity concentration process that separates particles of different densities by oscillating water in a vertical motion.

Method of separating magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones using a magnetic gradient.

The process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.

In mineral processing, the preparation of pulp material to enhance the effectiveness of subsequent treatments such as flotation.

A process of separating minerals of different specific gravity by their relative movement in response to gravity and other forces.

An excavation in a mine from which ore is, or has been, extracted.

The process of heating materials in a vessel to high temperatures to bring about a chemical change, typically used in metal refining and hydrocarbons processing.

Ore that contains gold or other metals that are not recoverable by standard milling and/or chemical processes due to the presence of physical or chemical impediments.

A form of surface mining that involves the removal of surface soil and rock to mine the mineral deposits near the surface.

A method of gravity concentration in which a slurry of mixed particles is fed into the top of a spiral channel and flows downward, separating particles by density and size as they tumble.