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A natural, solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be profitably extracted.

A process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic ones, used in mineral processing.

A molten mixture of sulfides formed as an intermediate product in the smelting of sulfide ores for their metal content.

The process of crushing and grinding ore to the point where each mineral grain is freed from one another.

A refined ore after the ore beneficiation process, containing a high percentage of the valuable metal.

A pressure vessel used in the extraction of metals through high-pressure oxidation (hydrometallurgy).

Method of separating magnetic materials from non-magnetic ones using a magnetic gradient.

In mineral processing, the preparation of pulp material to enhance the effectiveness of subsequent treatments such as flotation.

A form of surface mining that involves the removal of surface soil and rock to mine the mineral deposits near the surface.

The concentration of a valuable mineral or metal within ore, expressed as grams per tonne or as a percentage.

A process of separating minerals of different specific gravity by their relative movement in response to gravity and other forces.

A method of gravity concentration in which a slurry of mixed particles is fed into the top of a spiral channel and flows downward, separating particles by density and size as they tumble.

The practice of processing ores to separate valuable minerals from waste materials, improving the mineral concentration of the ore.

A method used in the gold mining industry to separate gold from ore using activated carbon to absorb gold cyanide complex.

An industrial mining process used to extract precious metals from ore by a series of chemical reactions that absorb specific minerals and then re-separate them after their division from other earth materials.

The branch of metallurgy that processes metals through aqueous solutions to recover metals from their ores, concentrates or recycled materials.

The process of reducing the size of particles in a material to a finer grind, mainly used in the mineral processing industry.

The extraction of metals from their ores through the use of living organisms.

The process of heating materials in a vessel to high temperatures to bring about a chemical change, typically used in metal refining and hydrocarbons processing.

Worthless minerals or rock that occur alongside ore within a vein or deposit.

A hydrometallurgical process that extracts gold from ore with a cyanide solution.

A simultaneous leach and absorption process that introduces activated carbon directly into the cyanide leach solution to recover gold.

The process of compacting and forming a solid mass of material by heat or pressure without melting it to the point of liquefaction.

The glass-like by-product left over after a desired metal has been separated from raw ore during the smelting process.

The process of removing impurities or unwanted elements from a material, especially in the context of metal production.

The ratio of the density of a substance to the density of a reference substance (typically water at 4°C).

A gravity concentration process that separates particles of different densities by oscillating water in a vertical motion.

Ore that contains gold or other metals that are not recoverable by standard milling and/or chemical processes due to the presence of physical or chemical impediments.

A process in which metal ions are reduced to the metal from a solution by passing an electric current through it.

A metallurgical process that involves heating ore in the presence of excess air or oxygen to remove volatile impurities such as arsenic and sulfur.

An excavation in a mine from which ore is, or has been, extracted.

The branch of metallurgy involving the treatment of ores and metal at high temperatures.

Residue left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic portion of an ore.

The positive electrode in an electrochemical cell, which donates electrons and undergoes oxidation during electrolysis.

Scum formed on the surface of molten metal due to the oxidation of impurities during smelting or refining.

Chemicals used in the froth flotation process to aid in the separation of minerals.

The removal of oxygen from a compound, usually by the addition of hydrogen or the removal of oxygen, widely used in metal extraction.

The negative electrode in an electrochemical cell, which accepts electrons and undergoes reduction.

A process of applying heat to ore in order to extract a base metal, often using a furnace.