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Mining Geology Essentials

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Mineral Exploration

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The process of finding ore deposits through geological study, sampling, and drilling, essential for mining industry to locate new resources.

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Geostatistics

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Mathematical techniques used to predict and model the spatial distribution of geological variables, crucial in resource estimation.

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Drill and Blast

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A common method for breaking rock in mining operations, involving drilling holes and using explosives to create the desired fragmentation.

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Geological Mapping

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The process of creating maps that show the geological features of a region. Essential for exploration and mine planning.

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Underground Mining

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Extraction of valuable minerals from beneath the Earth's surface, used when mineral deposits are too deep for surface mining techniques.

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Mineral Reserves

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Quantifiable amount of ore that can be economically mined; reserve estimation is key for mine life planning.

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Placer Mining

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Mining of valuable minerals from a placer deposit, using water to excavate, transport, and recover the minerals from sediment.

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Core Sampling

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The extraction of a cylindrical sample of rock by a hollow drill. Core samples are fundamental for understanding geology of potential mining sites.

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Open Pit Mining

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Surface mining technique involving the extraction of ore from an open pit, efficient for extracting large volumes of low-grade ores.

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Geophysical Surveying

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Using physical properties of rocks (e.g., magnetism, gravity) to infer the geology beneath the Earth's surface, crucial for exploration.

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Resource Modeling

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The three-dimensional representation of geological data to estimate ore volume and grade, used for mine planning and investment decisions.

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Rock Mechanics

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The study of behavior of rock masses, critical for understanding stability of mine structures like pit walls and underground tunnels.

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Ore Deposit

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A concentration of minerals that is economically viable to extract. Mining relevance includes the identification, valuation, and exploitation of deposits.

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Stratigraphy

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The layered structure of rock formations, informs resource estimation and helps in identifying ore-bearing strata.

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Subsidence

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The gradual caving in or sinking of an area of land, often a concern in areas with extensive underground mining.

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Mine Rehabilitation

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The process of repairing the economic, social and environmental impacts of mining, restoring the site to its natural or economically usable state.

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Seismic Survey

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A method that uses the reflection or refraction of seismic waves to produce a profile of subsurface structures, aiding in the exploration of oil, gas, and minerals.

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Magnetic Survey

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A geophysical method involving measurement of variations in the Earth's magnetic field to infer the presence of magnetic minerals like iron ore.

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Structural Geology

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Study of rock deformation patterns, improves understanding of ore distribution and guides mine planning and design.

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Smelting

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A form of extractive metallurgy for producing a metal from its ore by heating beyond the metal's melting point, commonly used for extraction of base and precious metals.

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Hydrogeology

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The branch of geology dealing with the distribution and movement of groundwater, important for mine dewatering and environmental protection.

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Tailings

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The materials left over after the process of separating the valuable fraction from the uneconomic fraction of ore. Managing tailings is crucial for environmental protection.

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Bioleaching

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The use of microbial processes to extract metals from ores. This environmentally friendly technique is gaining importance in the mining industry.

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Electromagnetic Survey

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A geophysical technique measuring the electromagnetic fields on the Earth's surface to detect subsurface mineral deposits.

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Ore Grade

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Measure of the concentration of valuable minerals within an ore, determines the feasibility of mining.

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Mineral Resources

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Total amount of potentially valuable minerals, whether or not currently economically viable, informs future exploitation potential.

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Heap Leaching

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A processing technique where ore is stacked and then a solution is used to extract metals. It has low cost but may pose environmental hazards.

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Froth Flotation

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A process for selectively separating hydrophobic materials from hydrophilic ones, used for mineral processing and recovery.

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Block Modeling

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A type of resource modeling dividing the deposit into blocks for detailed analysis of grade and volume, aids in resource estimation and mine planning.

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Vein (Lode) Mining

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Extraction of ore from veins or lodes, typically high-grade deposits mined in narrow zones, vital for precious metals like gold and silver.

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Room and Pillar Mining

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An underground mining method where rooms are cut into the coal bed, leaving a series of pillars to support the mine roof and control ground pressures.

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Geochemical Prospecting

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Analyzing the chemistry of rock, soil, and water to search for anomalies indicative of ore deposits, important for pinpointing targets.

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Cut-off Grade

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The lowest grade of ore that is economically viable to process, a critical decision point in mine development.

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Longwall Mining

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An underground coal mining technique involving the full extraction of coal from a section of seam or 'face', using mechanical shearers.

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