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Glacial and Interglacial Periods
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Holocene Epoch
The current geological epoch, which began around 11,700 years ago. This period has been characterized by a relatively stable climate that allowed for the development of human civilization, but is now experiencing significant changes due to anthropogenic influences.
Mid-Holocene Warm Period
A phase of warmer global temperatures approximately 6,000-5,000 years ago, also known as the Holocene Climatic Optimum, which influenced human development and the distribution of flora and fauna.
Younger Dryas
A brief return to glacial conditions approximately 12,900 to 11,700 years ago, just before the onset of the Holocene, which interrupted the warming trend and affected ecosystems as well as human populations.
Pleistocene Epoch
This geological epoch lasted from about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago. It was characterized by a series of glacial cycles with vast ice sheets covering large parts of the Northern Hemisphere.
Medieval Warm Period
A time from roughly AD 950 to 1250 characterized by warmer temperatures in some regions of the world, which affected agriculture, settlement patterns, and governance, particularly in Europe.
Little Ice Age
A period of cooling that occurred after the Medieval Warm Period, from the 14th to the 19th century. This had a great impact on agriculture, health, and socio-economic conditions, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere.
Eemian Interglacial
The last interglacial period which occurred between approximately 130,000 to 115,000 years ago. It was warmer than the current Holocene epoch, causing higher sea levels.
Last Glacial Maximum
The period approximately 21,000 years ago when ice sheets were at their maximum extent, leading to lower sea levels and a different climate across various regions, with massive environmental and ecological impacts.
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