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Vulnerability is the degree to which a system, or part of it, may react adversely during the occurrence of a hazardous event.

Exposure refers to the quantity, frequency, and duration of contact with a hazard by a human or ecological receptor.

Threshold is the limit beyond which sudden or rapid change occurs in the state of the environment or in a system, leading to significant transformation.

A carcinogen is a substance or agent that can cause or aggravate cancer.

Mitigation refers to the actions taken to reduce or eliminate the long-term risk to human life and property from hazards.

In the context of environmental change, adaptation refers to the adjustment in natural or human systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial opportunities.

In the context of environmental risk, a hazard is a substance, state or event which has the potential to threaten the surrounding natural environment and adversely affect people's health.

Environmental Impact Assessment is a process to evaluate the likely environmental impacts of a proposed project or development, including the comprehensive assessment of various factors such as air and water quality, wildlife habitats, cultural resources, and socio-economic impacts.

Resilience in environmental context refers to the capacity of a system, community or society potentially exposed to hazards to adapt to changes and quickly recover from its effects.

Reference Dose is an estimate, with safety margins, of a daily exposure level for the human population, including sensitive subgroups, below which non-cancerous health effects are unlikely.

Cumulative Risk assesses the combined risks posed by aggregate exposure to multiple agents or stressors.

Safety Margin is the ratio of the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) for an organism to the actual level of exposure to that organism. It acts as a buffer to accommodate uncertainty in the risk assessment process.

Risk Assessment is the systematic process of evaluating the potential risks that may be involved in a projected activity or undertaking.

Acceptable Risk is the level of risk that is understood and agreed to by society, individuals, or groups in exchange for perceived benefits or for compliance with specific standards.

The dose-response relationship is a correlation between the amount of a harmful substance or stressor and the severity of the resulting health effects on an organism.

Screening Assessment is a preliminary evaluation of the environmental risk associated with a substance, activity or process, to determine the necessity for further detailed assessment.

Toxicity is the degree to which a substance can harm humans or animals.

Uncertainty in environmental risk assessment refers to the lack of precise knowledge about an event, its likelihood, and potential consequences.

Stochastic Effects are those that occur by chance and without a threshold level of dose, where the probability of the effect occurring, rather than its severity, increases with dose. Often used in the context of radiation.

Life Cycle Assessment is a technique to assess the environmental aspects and potential impacts associated with a product, process, or service, by compiling an inventory of relevant inputs and outputs, evaluating the potential environmental impacts associated with those, and interpreting the results.

The precautionary principle is a strategy to cope with possible risks where scientific understanding is yet incomplete. It suggests that there is a social responsibility to protect the public from exposure to harm when scientific investigation has found a plausible risk.

ALARP is a principle that aims to reduce risk to a level that is as low as is reasonably practical, considering all current technological options and economic costs.

Risk Management is the systematic application of management policies, procedures, and practices to the tasks of identifying, analyzing, evaluating, controlling, and communicating about risk issues.