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Georeferencing Techniques

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Triangulation

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A technique where a network of triangles is used to interpolate points on a map. Based on surveying and trigonometry, it can support the creation of topographic maps.

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Least Squares Adjustment

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A statistical method used to refine control point locations by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between observed values and estimated values.

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Coordinate Transformation

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A mathematical process to systematically convert geographic coordinates from one coordinate system to another, maintaining the accuracy of locations.

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Ground Control Points (GCPs)

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Specific points on the Earth's surface used as references in georeferencing to align the spatial data with a known coordinate system.

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Affine Transformation

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A linear mapping method used to correct geometric distortions in raster data. It maintains parallelism and uses at least three control points.

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Orthorectification

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A process to correct aerial or satellite imagery for topographic relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt to create an orthophoto, a geometrically corrected image.

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Projection Transformation

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The method of converting spatial data from one projection system to another to reduce distortion and improve accuracy in a GIS.

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Rubbersheeting

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A nonlinear transformation method that stretches and skews data to a vector layer, using multiple control points. Particularly useful for adjusting old maps to fit modern surveys.

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Rectification

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A process of adjusting an image to a standard coordinate system by using ground control points. This results in a map that matches the scale and orientation of the projected area.

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Helmert Transformation

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A method that uses four parameters for scale, rotation, and translation to map one spatial reference to another. It preserves the shape and minimizes distortions.

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