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Georeferencing Techniques
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Triangulation
A technique where a network of triangles is used to interpolate points on a map. Based on surveying and trigonometry, it can support the creation of topographic maps.
Least Squares Adjustment
A statistical method used to refine control point locations by minimizing the sum of the squares of the differences between observed values and estimated values.
Coordinate Transformation
A mathematical process to systematically convert geographic coordinates from one coordinate system to another, maintaining the accuracy of locations.
Ground Control Points (GCPs)
Specific points on the Earth's surface used as references in georeferencing to align the spatial data with a known coordinate system.
Affine Transformation
A linear mapping method used to correct geometric distortions in raster data. It maintains parallelism and uses at least three control points.
Orthorectification
A process to correct aerial or satellite imagery for topographic relief, lens distortion, and camera tilt to create an orthophoto, a geometrically corrected image.
Projection Transformation
The method of converting spatial data from one projection system to another to reduce distortion and improve accuracy in a GIS.
Rubbersheeting
A nonlinear transformation method that stretches and skews data to a vector layer, using multiple control points. Particularly useful for adjusting old maps to fit modern surveys.
Rectification
A process of adjusting an image to a standard coordinate system by using ground control points. This results in a map that matches the scale and orientation of the projected area.
Helmert Transformation
A method that uses four parameters for scale, rotation, and translation to map one spatial reference to another. It preserves the shape and minimizes distortions.
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