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A set of software libraries and machine-independent data formats that support the creation, access, and sharing of array-oriented scientific data. It is widely used in climatology, oceanography, and meteorology.

An older GIS data format developed by Esri that stores geographic data and attribute information in a compact format. It has been superseded by newer formats like the geodatabase.

A simple file format used to store tabular data, such as a spreadsheet or database. It can be easily read and written by text editors, and it is often used for importing and exporting data from GIS applications.

A light-weight XML data format for interchange of GPS data between applications and web services on the Internet. It is commonly used for sharing GPS track logs and waypoints.

A digital vector storage format for storing geometric location and associated attribute information. Used widely in geographic information system (GIS) software.

A metadata standard which allows georeferencing information to be embedded within a TIFF file. It is widely supported and used to store raster graphics for GIS applications.

An open-source software program that adds support for geographic objects to the PostgreSQL object-relational database. It is used for storing and querying data with geographic components within a database.

An XML notation for expressing geographic annotation and visualization within Internet-based, two-dimensional maps and three-dimensional Earth browsers.

A file format for storing tilesets. It is designed to package tilesets of images or raster data and allows for efficient retrieval. Commonly used in mobile and web-based map applications.

A proprietary data format developed by Esri for compressing and storing multiple files that make up a GIS dataset. It is scalable and supports larger datasets than shapefiles.

A set of file formats designed to store and organize large amounts of data. Originally developed at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications, it is used in various scientific fields to manage complex data.

Formats used for storing two- and three-dimensional design data and metadata. While not native GIS formats, they are often imported into GIS applications for use in mapping and analysis.

A format for encoding a variety of geographic data structures using JavaScript Object Notation (JSON). It is used for web applications and services to share data.

An XML grammar defined by the Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for expressing geographical features. It serves as a modeling language for geographic systems as well as an open interchange format.