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Intersect and union operations combine spatial datasets to retain or unify overlapping and adjacent vector features. Used in land use planning and environmental assessments.

Clipping is used to cut out a piece of one layer using another layer as a 'cookie cutter'. It's useful for extracting features that overlap a specific area.

Vector data creation involves digitizing and drawing features such as points, lines, and polygons to represent real-world objects on a map. Commonly used in mapping and geospatial analyses.

Topology construction ensures spatial relationships are maintained between vector features. It's used to preserve adjacency and connectivity in geospatial datasets.

Data attribution involves tagging vector features with information. This enriches the map data with attributes such as names, categories, or numerical values.

Buffer analysis creates zones around vector features at a specified distance. Used for proximity analysis, such as identifying areas within a certain radius of a feature.

Spatial join combines features from two datasets based on their spatial relationship. It's used to merge data from multiple layers for a comprehensive analysis.

Geocoding is the process of converting addresses into geographic coordinates, which can be used to place features on a map. Essential for location-based services and analysis.

Georeferencing involves aligning geographic data to a known coordinate system so it can be viewed, queried, and analyzed with other geospatial data.

Dissolving boundaries merges adjacent polygons that share a common attribute. It simplifies complex vector data by reducing the number of features.

Projection transformation changes the map projection of geospatial data to another, ensuring accurate representation of geographic features across various coordinate systems.

Generalization reduces detail in vector data for clarity at smaller scales. It simplifies the representation of features when zooming out.

Network analysis finds the optimal paths or routes on a network. It's applied in transportation planning, utility management, and emergency response planning.

MCDA uses GIS to evaluate and prioritize different spatial options based on multiple criteria. Applied in urban planning, environmental conservation, and resource management.