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Antibiotic Classes and Spectrums

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Nitroimidazoles

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Narrow spectrum; primarily against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa. Example: Metronidazole.

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Cyclic Lipopeptides

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Narrow spectrum; only for gram-positive bacteria, including multi-resistant strains. Example: Daptomycin.

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Diarylquinolines

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Narrow spectrum; particularly active against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Example: Bedaquiline.

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Macrolides

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Broad spectrum; effective mainly against gram-positive cocci and some gram-negative bacteria. Example: Azithromycin.

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Polymyxins

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Narrow spectrum; effective against gram-negative bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Example: Colistin (polymyxin E).

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Glycylcyclines

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Broad spectrum; similar to tetracyclines but more effective against resistant bacteria. Example: Tigecycline.

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Aminoglycosides

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Narrow spectrum; primarily effective against aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Example: Gentamicin.

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Pleuromutilins

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Narrow spectrum; mainly against gram-positive skin pathogens. Example: Retapamulin.

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Sulfonamides

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Broad spectrum; used in combination with trimethoprim to treat a variety of bacterial infections. Example: Sulfamethoxazole.

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Oxazolidinones

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Narrow spectrum; effective against multi-resistant gram-positive bacteria. Example: Linezolid.

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Quinolones

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Broad spectrum; effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria but have serious side effects. Example: Nalidixic acid.

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Lipoglycopeptides

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Narrow spectrum; similar to vancomycin but with improved action against MRSA. Example: Telavancin.

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Monobactams

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Narrow spectrum; effective mainly against aerobic gram-negative bacteria. Example: Aztreonam.

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Cephamycins

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Broad spectrum; similar to cephalosporins but more effective against anaerobic bacteria. Example: Cefoxitin.

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Lincosamides

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Narrow spectrum; used mainly for anaerobic infections and some gram-positive cocci. Example: Clindamycin.

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Carbapenems

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Very broad spectrum; resistant to beta-lactamase and effective against a wide range of bacteria. Example: Meropenem.

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Oxazolidinones

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Broad spectrum; particularly MRSA and VRE. Example: Linezolid.

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Ansamycins

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Narrow spectrum; used specifically against mycobacteria, including tuberculosis. Example: Rifampin.

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Streptogramins

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Narrow spectrum; effective against gram-positive bacteria, including those resistant to other antibiotics. Example: Quinupristin/Dalfopristin.

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Cephalosporins

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Broad spectrum with several generations; effective against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Example: Ceftriaxone.

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Penicillins

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Broad spectrum; work against gram-positive and some gram-negative bacteria. Example: Amoxicillin.

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Tetracyclines

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Broad spectrum; effective against a wide variety of bacteria, including some protozoa. Example: Doxycycline.

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Fluoroquinolones

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Broad spectrum; effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Example: Ciprofloxacin.

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Beta-lactamase Inhibitors

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Used in combination with penicillins to extend their spectrum of activity against beta-lactamase producing bacteria. Example: Clavulanic acid.

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Glycopeptides

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Narrow spectrum; used primarily against gram-positive cocci, especially MRSA. Example: Vancomycin.

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