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Renal System Anatomy
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Proximal Convoluted Tubule (PCT)
The first segment of the renal tubule that reabsorbs nutrients, water, and electrolytes from filtered urine.
Renal Cortex
Outer part of the kidney, contains nephrons for filtration.
Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
A structure in each nephron that regulates renal blood flow and filtration pressure.
Distal Convoluted Tubule (DCT)
Part of the renal tubule between the Loop of Henle and the Collecting Duct, conducts further salt and water reabsorption and secretion.
Juxtaglomerular Cells
Specialized cells in the afferent arteriole of the glomerulus that secrete renin in response to low blood pressure.
Bowman's Capsule
A cup-like sac at the beginning of the renal tubule that encases the glomerulus.
Vasa Recta
The capillary network that serves the loop of Henle, crucial for countercurrent exchange system that concentrates urine.
Ureters
Tubes that transport urine from kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Nephrons
Functional filtration units of the kidneys, each kidney contains about 1 million nephrons.
Urethra
Tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Renal Pelvis
Funnel-shaped structure that collects urine from the renal pyramids and transfers it to the ureters.
Renal Medulla
Inner part of the kidney, contains the renal pyramids where urine is collected.
Glomerulus
A network of capillaries located at the beginning of a nephron that filters blood plasma.
Calices
Cup-shaped structures that funnel urine from the renal pyramids into the renal pelvis.
Loop of Henle
A U-shaped tube that extends from the PCT to the DCT, crucial for the concentration of urine.
Collecting Duct
The final passage of the renal tubule that conducts urine through the renal medulla to the renal pelvis.
Peritubular Capillaries
Tiny blood vessels that travel alongside nephrons allowing reabsorption and secretion between blood and the inner lumen of the nephron.
Renal Vein
A blood vessel that carries filtered blood away from the kidneys and back to the heart.
Urinary Bladder
A hollow muscular organ that stores urine before it is excreted.
Renal Artery
A blood vessel that supplies the kidneys with blood from the aorta.
Renal Capsule
The connective tissue covering the kidney, provides protection and maintains kidney shape.
Renal Papillae
The apices of the renal pyramids, which release urine into the minor calyces.
Renal Hilum
The entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys (vessels, nerves, ureter).
Kidneys
Primary organs of the urinary system, filter blood to form urine, and regulate electrolyte balance.
Macula Densa
A group of specialized cells in the DCT that senses sodium concentration and signals the glomerulus to adjust filtration.
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