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Neurons and Neurotransmitters
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Sensory Neuron
Transmits sensory information from receptors to the central nervous system.
Motor Neuron
Conveys signals from the central nervous system to muscles or glands.
Interneurons
Facilitates communication between sensory and motor neurons within the central nervous system.
Dopamine
Regulates mood, reward, and motor control.
Serotonin
Influences mood, appetite, and sleep.
GABA
Main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Glutamate
Principal excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
Acetylcholine
Involved in muscle activation, memory, and alertness.
Norepinephrine
Contributes to the fight-or-flight response, arousal, and alertness.
Epinephrine
Amplifies the fight-or-flight response, increases heart rate, and muscle strength.
Endorphins
Alleviate pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria.
Unipolar Neuron
Has a single extension that acts as both the axon and dendrite, commonly found in sensory systems.
Bipolar Neuron
Has one axon and one dendrite, common in sensory systems like the retina.
Multipolar Neuron
Has one axon and multiple dendrites, most common type of neuron in the central nervous system.
Schwann Cells
Produces myelin in the peripheral nervous system, aids in the conduction of nerve impulses.
Oligodendrocytes
Produces myelin in the central nervous system, supports multiple nerve fibers.
Microglia
Acts as the macrophages of the central nervous system, performing immune defense.
Astrocytes
Provides structural support, contributes to the blood-brain barrier, and regulates ion balance.
Neurotransmitter Reuptake
The process by which neurotransmitters are reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron after signaling.
Synaptic Plasticity
The ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time, central to learning and memory.
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