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Eponymous Medical Signs and Their Meanings
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Murphy's Sign
Pain upon palpation of the right upper quadrant that causes an abrupt stop in inspiration, associated with acute cholecystitis.
Babinski Sign
Extension of the big toe with fanning of the other toes upon stroking the sole of the foot, suggestive of central nervous system lesion affecting the corticospinal tract.
Kernig's Sign
Resistance to straightening the knee with the hip flexed due to stiffness, associated with meningitis.
Brudzinski's Sign
Involuntary flexion of the hips and knees when flexing the neck, indicative of meningitis.
McBurney's Point Tenderness
Tenderness at a point 2/3 the distance from the umbilicus to the anterior superior iliac spine, associated with appendicitis.
Beck's Triad
A triad of distended neck veins, hypotension, and muffled heart sounds, seen in cardiac tamponade.
Trousseau's Sign of Latent Tetany
Carpal spasm induced by inflating a blood pressure cuff, associated with hypocalcemia.
Chvostek's Sign
Facial muscle spasm upon tapping the facial nerve, indicative of hypocalcemia.
Apgar Score
A score assigned to newborns at 1 and 5 minutes post-delivery to assess their transition to extrauterine life, includes heart rate, respiration, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color.
Romberg's Sign
Loss of balance when closing eyes while standing with feet together, suggestive of proprioceptive sensory loss.
Kussmaul's Sign
Paradoxical rise in jugular venous pressure on inspiration, seen in constrictive pericarditis.
Rovsing's Sign
Pain in the right lower quadrant of the abdomen upon palpation of the left lower quadrant, indicative of appendicitis.
Lhermitte's Sign
Electric shock-like sensations that run down the back and limbs upon flexion of the neck, associated with multiple sclerosis and other demyelinating conditions.
Charcot's Triad
A triad of jaundice, fever, and right upper quadrant pain, associated with cholangitis.
Grey Turner's Sign
Bruising of the flank, suggesting retroperitoneal hemorrhage, often associated with pancreatitis.
Cullen's Sign
Bruising around the umbilicus, indicating intraperitoneal hemorrhage, commonly associated with pancreatitis.
Homan's Sign
Pain in the calf upon dorsiflexion of the foot, potentially suggestive of deep vein thrombosis.
Hamman's Sign
Crunching, rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium, indicative of mediastinal emphysema.
Janeway Lesions
Non-tender, small erythematous or hemorrhagic macular or nodular lesions on palms or soles, associated with infective endocarditis.
Roth's Spots
Retinal hemorrhages with central pale spots, seen in infective endocarditis.
Osler's Nodes
Tender subcutaneous nodules usually found on the distal pads of the digits, associated with infective endocarditis.
Mallory-Weiss Syndrome
Longitudinal mucosal lacerations at the gastroesophageal junction or gastric cardia, associated with intense vomiting, leading to bleeding.
Terry's Nails
Nails that appear white with a characteristic 'ground glass' appearance, without lunula, commonly associated with liver cirrhosis.
Dupuytren's Contracture
A fixed flexion contracture of the hand, where the fingers bend towards the palm and cannot be fully extended, associated with fibromatosis of the palmar fascia.
Homans' Sign
Discomfort behind the knee on forced dorsiflexion of the foot, used to diagnose deep vein thrombosis.
Battle's Sign
Bruising behind the ear over the mastoid process, indicative of basilar skull fracture.
Blumberg's Sign
Rebound tenderness upon removal of pressure, indicative of peritonitis.
Murphy's Punch Sign
Pain elicited by a gentle tap on the costovertebral angle, indicating pyelonephritis or another renal pathology.
Tinel's Sign
Tingling sensation in the distal end of a limb when percussion is made over the site of a damaged nerve, suggestive of a regenerating nerve or neuroma.
Finkelstein's Test
Pain on the thumb side of the wrist when grasping the thumb and ulnar deviating the hand, indicative of de Quervain's tenosynovitis.
Adson's Test
Disappearance of the radial pulse when the head is turned to the ipsilateral side and the patient takes a deep breath, associated with thoracic outlet syndrome.
Phalen's Maneuver
Paresthesia in the median nerve distribution within 60 seconds of flexing the wrist, indicative of carpal tunnel syndrome.
Lasègue's Sign
Pain along the course of the sciatic nerve when the leg is lifted straight, indicative of lumbar nerve root irritation or disc herniation.
Schamroth's Window Test
Obliteration of the diamond-shaped window formed by placing nail beds of the fingers together, indicative of finger clubbing.
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