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Endocrine Glands and Hormones
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Pituitary gland
Controls various hormones of the body; master regulator with both anterior and posterior lobes
Growth Hormone (GH)
Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration; regulated by GHRH and somatostatin from hypothalamus
Thyroid gland
Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth
Thyroxine (T4)
Regulates metabolism; regulated by TSH from the pituitary
Adrenal glands
Produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline; help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure
Cortisol
Regulates metabolism, reduces inflammation, and assists with memory formulation; regulated by ACTH from the pituitary
Insulin
Lowers blood glucose levels; regulated by glucose levels in the bloodstream
Glucagon
Raises blood glucose levels; regulated by glucose levels in the bloodstream
Parathyroid glands
Regulate calcium levels within the blood through the secretion of parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and increasing kidney calcium retention; regulated by blood calcium levels
Estrogen
Promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics; regulated by FSH and LH from the pituitary
Testosterone
Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics; regulated by LH and FSH from the pituitary
Progesterone
Supports pregnancy and embryogenesis; regulated by LH from the pituitary
Adrenaline (Epinephrine)
Increases heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism; regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)
Works with adrenaline in response to stress; increases alertness and arousal, and can also elevate mood; regulated by the sympathetic nervous system
Melatonin
Regulates sleep-wake cycles; regulated by light exposure to the retina
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)
Promotes water retention by the kidneys and increases blood pressure; regulated by blood osmolarity and blood volume
Calcitonin
Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys; regulated by blood calcium levels
Triiodothyronine (T3)
Regulates metabolism; regulated by TSH from the pituitary
Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
Triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in females; regulates testosterone synthesis in males; regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus
Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
Stimulates follicle growth in ovaries and spermatogenesis in testes; regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus
Oxytocin
Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding; regulated by childbirth and infant suckling
Prolactin
Induces milk production; regulated by PIH (Dopamine) from the hypothalamus
Somatostatin
Inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone release; regulated by growth hormone feedback
Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)
Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary; secretion is pulsatile
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4; regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus and feedback from thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus
Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)
Stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary; regulated by stress and diurnal rhythms
Aldosterone
Regulates blood pressure by increasing sodium retention and potassium excretion; regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and blood potassium levels
Ghrelin
Stimulates appetite and increases food intake; regulated by the stomach and nutrient intake
Leptin
Suppresses appetite; regulated by fat tissue
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Maintains the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy; detected in pregnancy tests
Glucocorticoids
A group of hormones including cortisol that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and immune response; regulated by stress and ACTH
Mineralocorticoids
A group of hormones including aldosterone that maintain salt and water balance; regulated by RAAS and blood potassium levels
Vitamin D (Calcitriol)
Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels for healthy bones; regulated by PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels
Endorphins
Reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria; regulated by stress and exercise
Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Stimulates release of TSH and prolactin from the anterior pituitary; regulated by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)
Lowers blood volume and pressure by causing blood vessels to expand and the kidney to excrete sodium; regulated by atrial distention and increased sodium levels
Erythropoietin (EPO)
Stimulates red blood cell production; regulated by oxygen levels in the blood
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