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Raises blood glucose levels; regulated by glucose levels in the bloodstream

Reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria; regulated by stress and exercise

Produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline; help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure

Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels for healthy bones; regulated by PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels

Lowers blood volume and pressure by causing blood vessels to expand and the kidney to excrete sodium; regulated by atrial distention and increased sodium levels

Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics; regulated by LH and FSH from the pituitary

Increases heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism; regulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Stimulates follicle growth in ovaries and spermatogenesis in testes; regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

Stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary; regulated by stress and diurnal rhythms

A group of hormones including aldosterone that maintain salt and water balance; regulated by RAAS and blood potassium levels

Works with adrenaline in response to stress; increases alertness and arousal, and can also elevate mood; regulated by the sympathetic nervous system

Stimulates appetite and increases food intake; regulated by the stomach and nutrient intake

Inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone release; regulated by growth hormone feedback

Lowers blood glucose levels; regulated by glucose levels in the bloodstream

Promotes water retention by the kidneys and increases blood pressure; regulated by blood osmolarity and blood volume

Regulates sleep-wake cycles; regulated by light exposure to the retina

Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding; regulated by childbirth and infant suckling

A group of hormones including cortisol that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and immune response; regulated by stress and ACTH

Stimulates red blood cell production; regulated by oxygen levels in the blood

Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

Suppresses appetite; regulated by fat tissue

Controls various hormones of the body; master regulator with both anterior and posterior lobes

Regulates metabolism; regulated by TSH from the pituitary

Regulates metabolism, reduces inflammation, and assists with memory formulation; regulated by ACTH from the pituitary

Regulate calcium levels within the blood through the secretion of parathyroid hormone

Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4; regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus and feedback from thyroid hormones

Regulates metabolism; regulated by TSH from the pituitary

Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and increasing kidney calcium retention; regulated by blood calcium levels

Promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics; regulated by FSH and LH from the pituitary

Triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in females; regulates testosterone synthesis in males; regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary; secretion is pulsatile

Maintains the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy; detected in pregnancy tests

Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration; regulated by GHRH and somatostatin from hypothalamus

Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys; regulated by blood calcium levels

Regulates blood pressure by increasing sodium retention and potassium excretion; regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and blood potassium levels

Supports pregnancy and embryogenesis; regulated by LH from the pituitary

Induces milk production; regulated by PIH (Dopamine) from the hypothalamus

Stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus