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Endocrine Glands and Hormones

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Pituitary gland

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Controls various hormones of the body; master regulator with both anterior and posterior lobes

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Growth Hormone (GH)

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Stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and cell regeneration; regulated by GHRH and somatostatin from hypothalamus

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Thyroid gland

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Produces hormones that regulate metabolism, body heat, and bone growth

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Thyroxine (T4)

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Regulates metabolism; regulated by TSH from the pituitary

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Adrenal glands

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Produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline; help the body control blood sugar, burn protein and fat, react to stressors like a major illness or injury, and regulate blood pressure

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Cortisol

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Regulates metabolism, reduces inflammation, and assists with memory formulation; regulated by ACTH from the pituitary

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Insulin

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Lowers blood glucose levels; regulated by glucose levels in the bloodstream

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Glucagon

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Raises blood glucose levels; regulated by glucose levels in the bloodstream

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Parathyroid glands

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Regulate calcium levels within the blood through the secretion of parathyroid hormone

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Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

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Increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts, increasing intestinal calcium absorption, and increasing kidney calcium retention; regulated by blood calcium levels

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Estrogen

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Promotes the development of female secondary sexual characteristics; regulated by FSH and LH from the pituitary

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Testosterone

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Promotes the development of male secondary sexual characteristics; regulated by LH and FSH from the pituitary

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Progesterone

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Supports pregnancy and embryogenesis; regulated by LH from the pituitary

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Adrenaline (Epinephrine)

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Increases heart rate, muscle strength, blood pressure, and sugar metabolism; regulated by the sympathetic nervous system

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Noradrenaline (Norepinephrine)

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Works with adrenaline in response to stress; increases alertness and arousal, and can also elevate mood; regulated by the sympathetic nervous system

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Melatonin

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Regulates sleep-wake cycles; regulated by light exposure to the retina

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Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)

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Promotes water retention by the kidneys and increases blood pressure; regulated by blood osmolarity and blood volume

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Calcitonin

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Lowers blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and stimulating calcium excretion by the kidneys; regulated by blood calcium levels

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Triiodothyronine (T3)

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Regulates metabolism; regulated by TSH from the pituitary

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Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

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Triggers ovulation and the development of the corpus luteum in females; regulates testosterone synthesis in males; regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

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Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

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Stimulates follicle growth in ovaries and spermatogenesis in testes; regulated by GnRH from the hypothalamus

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Oxytocin

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Stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth and milk ejection during breastfeeding; regulated by childbirth and infant suckling

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Prolactin

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Induces milk production; regulated by PIH (Dopamine) from the hypothalamus

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Somatostatin

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Inhibits growth hormone and thyroid-stimulating hormone release; regulated by growth hormone feedback

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Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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Stimulates the release of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary; secretion is pulsatile

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Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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Stimulates the thyroid gland to produce T3 and T4; regulated by TRH from the hypothalamus and feedback from thyroid hormones

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Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

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Stimulates the production and release of cortisol from the adrenal cortex; regulated by CRH from the hypothalamus

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Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH)

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Stimulates the secretion of ACTH from the anterior pituitary; regulated by stress and diurnal rhythms

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Aldosterone

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Regulates blood pressure by increasing sodium retention and potassium excretion; regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) and blood potassium levels

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Ghrelin

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Stimulates appetite and increases food intake; regulated by the stomach and nutrient intake

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Leptin

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Suppresses appetite; regulated by fat tissue

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Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)

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Maintains the corpus luteum during the beginning of pregnancy; detected in pregnancy tests

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Glucocorticoids

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A group of hormones including cortisol that are involved in the regulation of metabolism and immune response; regulated by stress and ACTH

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Mineralocorticoids

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A group of hormones including aldosterone that maintain salt and water balance; regulated by RAAS and blood potassium levels

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Vitamin D (Calcitriol)

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Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels for healthy bones; regulated by PTH, calcium, and phosphate levels

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Endorphins

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Reduce pain and induce feelings of pleasure or euphoria; regulated by stress and exercise

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Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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Stimulates release of TSH and prolactin from the anterior pituitary; regulated by the negative feedback of thyroid hormones

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Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

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Lowers blood volume and pressure by causing blood vessels to expand and the kidney to excrete sodium; regulated by atrial distention and increased sodium levels

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Erythropoietin (EPO)

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Stimulates red blood cell production; regulated by oxygen levels in the blood

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