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Respiratory System Structures

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Intercostal Muscles

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Muscles located between the ribs that assist with breathing by expanding and contracting the rib cage.

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Chemoreceptors

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Detect changes in blood pH, carbon dioxide, and oxygen levels, and help regulate breathing rate.

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Bronchioles

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Smaller branches off the bronchi that lead to alveoli.

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Pulmonary Capillaries

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Tiny blood vessels surrounding the alveoli where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the air and the blood.

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Pharynx

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Passageway for air and food, aids in sound production.

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Pleura

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Membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity, reducing friction during breathing movements.

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Thoracic Cavity

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The part of the body cavity situated between the neck and the diaphragm; contains the lungs and heart.

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Nose

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Warms, moistens, and filters air as it is inhaled.

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Larynx

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Houses the vocal cords, and is responsible for sound production.

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Vocal Cords

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Muscular bands within the larynx that vibrate to produce sound when air passes over them.

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Carina

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A ridge at the base of the trachea where it splits into two bronchi, it is sensitive to irritation and can induce coughing.

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Pulmonary Veins

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Carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart.

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Trachea

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Provides air flow to and from the lungs.

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Epiglottis

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A flap of cartilage that covers the trachea during swallowing to prevent food from entering the airways.

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Bronchi

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Two main branches off the trachea that lead to each lung, conducting air into the lungs.

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Lungs

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Pair of organs that house the bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli; responsible for gas exchange with the blood.

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Pulmonary Arteries

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Carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

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Nasal Cavity

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Located within and posterior to the nose, the nasal cavity conditions the air to be received by the other areas of the respiratory tract.

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Medulla Oblongata

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Regulates involuntary respiratory and cardiovascular functions.

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Diaphragm

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Main muscle of respiration that contracts and flattens to increase thoracic volume and draw air into the lungs.

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Surfactant

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A substance that reduces surface tension within the alveoli, preventing their collapse during exhalation.

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Alveoli

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Tiny sacs within the lungs where gas exchange occurs.

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Rib Cage

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Bony structure providing protection to the thoracic organs and support to the upper body. Also assists in respiration.

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Sinuses

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Air-filled spaces in the skull that help humidify and heat inhaled air, and give resonance to the voice.

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Mediastinum

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The central region of the thoracic cavity, containing the heart, trachea, esophagus, and other structures.

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