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Integumentary System
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Blood Vessels
Provide nutrients and oxygen to the skin; crucial for thermoregulation.
Melanocytes
Produce melanin, which protects against UV radiation and gives skin its color.
Dermis
Supports and nourishes the epidermis, contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Nerve Fibers
Allow for the sensations of touch, pain, and temperature; sends signals to and from the brain.
Merkel Cells
Function as touch receptors, called mechanoreceptors, in the skin.
Keratinocytes
Produce the protein keratin, which waterproofs and protects the cells and tissues underneath.
Sweat glands
Assist in thermoregulation and waste excretion through perspiration.
Hair
Provides thermal insulation, protects against UV rays, and enhances sensation.
Nails
Protect the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries.
Lymphatic Vessels
Help in the removal of waste and toxins from the skin, also involved in immune responses.
Adipocytes
Store energy as fat, provide insulation, and act as padding to absorb shock.
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Control body temperature by releasing sweat through pores to cool the body.
Vitamin D Synthesis
UV rays convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, and then to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Important for calcium regulation and bone health.
Pacinian Corpuscles
Respond to deep pressure and vibration.
Mast Cells
Play a key role in the inflammatory response and can cause allergy symptoms.
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.
Sensory Receptors (e.g., Meissner's corpuscles)
Enable the sensation of light touch and texture differentiation.
Free Nerve Endings
Respond to pain, temperature, and mechanical stress.
Ruffini Endings
Detect skin stretch and contribute to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Found in the axillae, groin, and areolar regions; secrete a thicker sweat and can cause body odor.
Langerhans Cells
Participate in immune response against pathogens entering through the skin.
Arrector Pili Muscles
Cause hair to stand erect (goosebumps) in response to cold or fear, which historically increased insulation.
Epidermis
Provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
Fibroblasts
Produce collagen and elastin fibers, contributing to the structure and elasticity of the skin.
Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)
Stores fat, anchors the skin, and provides insulation.
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