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Integumentary System
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Lymphatic Vessels
Help in the removal of waste and toxins from the skin, also involved in immune responses.
Epidermis
Provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.
Langerhans Cells
Participate in immune response against pathogens entering through the skin.
Pacinian Corpuscles
Respond to deep pressure and vibration.
Sebaceous glands
Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.
Arrector Pili Muscles
Cause hair to stand erect (goosebumps) in response to cold or fear, which historically increased insulation.
Sensory Receptors (e.g., Meissner's corpuscles)
Enable the sensation of light touch and texture differentiation.
Merkel Cells
Function as touch receptors, called mechanoreceptors, in the skin.
Mast Cells
Play a key role in the inflammatory response and can cause allergy symptoms.
Dermis
Supports and nourishes the epidermis, contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands.
Nerve Fibers
Allow for the sensations of touch, pain, and temperature; sends signals to and from the brain.
Keratinocytes
Produce the protein keratin, which waterproofs and protects the cells and tissues underneath.
Vitamin D Synthesis
UV rays convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, and then to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Important for calcium regulation and bone health.
Fibroblasts
Produce collagen and elastin fibers, contributing to the structure and elasticity of the skin.
Eccrine Sweat Glands
Control body temperature by releasing sweat through pores to cool the body.
Sweat glands
Assist in thermoregulation and waste excretion through perspiration.
Nails
Protect the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries.
Blood Vessels
Provide nutrients and oxygen to the skin; crucial for thermoregulation.
Ruffini Endings
Detect skin stretch and contribute to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement.
Apocrine Sweat Glands
Found in the axillae, groin, and areolar regions; secrete a thicker sweat and can cause body odor.
Hair
Provides thermal insulation, protects against UV rays, and enhances sensation.
Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)
Stores fat, anchors the skin, and provides insulation.
Melanocytes
Produce melanin, which protects against UV radiation and gives skin its color.
Adipocytes
Store energy as fat, provide insulation, and act as padding to absorb shock.
Free Nerve Endings
Respond to pain, temperature, and mechanical stress.
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