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Integumentary System

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Blood Vessels

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Provide nutrients and oxygen to the skin; crucial for thermoregulation.

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Melanocytes

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Produce melanin, which protects against UV radiation and gives skin its color.

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Dermis

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Supports and nourishes the epidermis, contains blood vessels, hair follicles, and sweat glands.

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Nerve Fibers

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Allow for the sensations of touch, pain, and temperature; sends signals to and from the brain.

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Merkel Cells

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Function as touch receptors, called mechanoreceptors, in the skin.

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Keratinocytes

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Produce the protein keratin, which waterproofs and protects the cells and tissues underneath.

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Sweat glands

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Assist in thermoregulation and waste excretion through perspiration.

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Hair

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Provides thermal insulation, protects against UV rays, and enhances sensation.

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Nails

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Protect the distal phalanx, the fingertip, and the surrounding soft tissues from injuries.

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Lymphatic Vessels

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Help in the removal of waste and toxins from the skin, also involved in immune responses.

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Adipocytes

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Store energy as fat, provide insulation, and act as padding to absorb shock.

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Eccrine Sweat Glands

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Control body temperature by releasing sweat through pores to cool the body.

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Vitamin D Synthesis

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UV rays convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D3, and then to vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). Important for calcium regulation and bone health.

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Pacinian Corpuscles

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Respond to deep pressure and vibration.

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Mast Cells

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Play a key role in the inflammatory response and can cause allergy symptoms.

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Sebaceous glands

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Secrete sebum to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair.

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Sensory Receptors (e.g., Meissner's corpuscles)

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Enable the sensation of light touch and texture differentiation.

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Free Nerve Endings

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Respond to pain, temperature, and mechanical stress.

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Ruffini Endings

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Detect skin stretch and contribute to the kinesthetic sense of and control of finger position and movement.

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Apocrine Sweat Glands

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Found in the axillae, groin, and areolar regions; secrete a thicker sweat and can cause body odor.

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Langerhans Cells

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Participate in immune response against pathogens entering through the skin.

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Arrector Pili Muscles

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Cause hair to stand erect (goosebumps) in response to cold or fear, which historically increased insulation.

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Epidermis

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Provides a waterproof barrier and creates our skin tone.

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Fibroblasts

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Produce collagen and elastin fibers, contributing to the structure and elasticity of the skin.

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Subcutaneous layer (Hypodermis)

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Stores fat, anchors the skin, and provides insulation.

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