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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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Anxiety Disorders

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Includes disorders such as separation anxiety, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. Treatments typically include cognitive behavioral therapy and sometimes medication.

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Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)

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Diagnosed by severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent irritable or angry mood. Treatments can consist of medication and psychotherapy.

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Prader-Willi Syndrome

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Genetic disorder characterized by insatiable appetite, obesity, and intellectual disability. Treatment includes strict food management and hormone therapy, such as growth hormone.

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Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder

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Mood disorder featuring extreme mood swings. Treatment can be challenging and may involve a combination of mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, and family support.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

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Characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Treatments include Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) and often, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

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Down Syndrome

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A genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays. Treatment involves early intervention programs and addressing medical issues like heart defects.

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Neurofibromatosis

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Genetic disorder causing tumors to form on nerve tissue. Management strategies may include surgery for tumors, regular monitoring, and supportive care.

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Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller's Syndrome)

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A rare condition characterized by late onset of developmental delays—or severe and sudden reversal—in language, social function, and motor skills. Treatment involves therapeutic interventions similar to those used in autism.

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Schizophrenia

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Early onset schizophrenia is rare but presents with delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Treatments include antipsychotic medications and various therapies.

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Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)

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Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence with symptoms like intrusive memories or avoidance. Treatment includes trauma-focused therapy and sometimes medication.

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Somatic Symptom Disorder

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Characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used in the treatment process.

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Conduct Disorder

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Involves repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior violating the basic rights of others. Treatment approaches can include multisystemic therapy, and parent-child interaction therapy.

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Gender Dysphoria

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Discomfort or distress associated with a discrepancy between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender. Supportive counseling and gender-affirming treatments can be provided.

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Intellectual Disability

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Characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning. Treatment includes special education, life skills training, and community support.

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Selective Mutism

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Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in others. Treatment often involves behavioral therapy and family involvement.

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Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)

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Speech disorder marked by frequent and significant problems with the normal fluency and flow of speech. Therapy may include speech therapy and parental involvement.

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Attachment Disorders

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Includes Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED). Treatment involves stable, nurturing environments and therapy.

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Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)

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Now mostly classified under Autism Spectrum Disorder, these disorders featured challenges in socialization, communication, and behavior. Interventions are similar to those for ASD.

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Bipolar Disorder

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Characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Treatment often involves a combination of medication (mood stabilizers) and psychotherapy.

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Tic Disorders

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Includes Tourette's syndrome, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder. Diagnosed by the presence of tics and treatment may include behavioral therapy and medication (like antipsychotics).

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Learning Disorders

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Specific learning disorders like dyslexia or dyscalculia are diagnosed through academic underachievement. Interventions include special education services and individualized learning plans.

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Adjustment Disorders

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Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of the stressor. Treatments can include psychotherapy and crisis intervention.

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Rett Syndrome

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A rare genetic disorder causing slowed growth, typical repetitive hand movements, and intellectual disability. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supportive care.

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Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)

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Characterized by a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior. Treatment often includes parent management training and cognitive behavioral therapy.

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Depressive Disorders

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Includes major depressive disorder and dysthymia. Diagnosis made when symptoms like sadness or irritability persist for most of the day, nearly every day. Treatment can include psychotherapy and antidepressants.

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Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)

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Characterized by a consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregivers. Intervention includes creating a safe and stable environment for the child.

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Fragile X Syndrome

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A genetic condition causing intellectual disability and behavioral and learning challenges. No specific cure, but interventions may include educational support, and medications may address specific symptoms.

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Tourette Syndrome

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A neurological disorder characterized by unwanted tics and vocalizations. Treatment may include medication for tics and behavioral therapy.

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Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)

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Diagnostic criteria include a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Treatments include behavioral therapy and stimulant medications like methylphenidate.

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Eating Disorders

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Include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach including nutritional guidance and psychotherapy.

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Substance Use Disorders

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In adolescence, substance use disorders may present with a failure to meet obligations, use in dangerous situations, and continued use despite problems. Treatment often requires a combination of behavioral therapy and support.

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Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)

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Deliberate harm to oneself without the intent to die. Treatment involves psychotherapy, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).

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Williams Syndrome

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A developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body, characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning problems. Treatment focuses on developmental and educational interventions.

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Childhood Schizophrenia

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Rare but serious mental health disorder where children interpret reality abnormally. Comprehensive treatment includes antipsychotics and psychosocial therapies.

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Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)

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Diagnosed based on deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted repetitive behaviors. Treatments include behavioral interventions and speech therapy.

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Elimination Disorders

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Includes enuresis (bed wetting) and encopresis (soiling). Behavioral interventions and sometimes medication are used for treatment.

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