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Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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Anxiety Disorders
Includes disorders such as separation anxiety, social anxiety, and generalized anxiety. Treatments typically include cognitive behavioral therapy and sometimes medication.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD)
Diagnosed by severe recurrent temper outbursts and persistent irritable or angry mood. Treatments can consist of medication and psychotherapy.
Prader-Willi Syndrome
Genetic disorder characterized by insatiable appetite, obesity, and intellectual disability. Treatment includes strict food management and hormone therapy, such as growth hormone.
Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder
Mood disorder featuring extreme mood swings. Treatment can be challenging and may involve a combination of mood stabilizers, psychotherapy, and family support.
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Characterized by the presence of obsessions and/or compulsions. Treatments include Exposure Response Prevention (ERP) and often, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).
Down Syndrome
A genetic chromosome 21 disorder causing developmental and intellectual delays. Treatment involves early intervention programs and addressing medical issues like heart defects.
Neurofibromatosis
Genetic disorder causing tumors to form on nerve tissue. Management strategies may include surgery for tumors, regular monitoring, and supportive care.
Childhood Disintegrative Disorder (Heller's Syndrome)
A rare condition characterized by late onset of developmental delays—or severe and sudden reversal—in language, social function, and motor skills. Treatment involves therapeutic interventions similar to those used in autism.
Schizophrenia
Early onset schizophrenia is rare but presents with delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized thinking. Treatments include antipsychotic medications and various therapies.
Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence with symptoms like intrusive memories or avoidance. Treatment includes trauma-focused therapy and sometimes medication.
Somatic Symptom Disorder
Characterized by excessive thoughts, feelings, or behaviors related to the somatic symptoms. Cognitive behavioral therapy can be used in the treatment process.
Conduct Disorder
Involves repetitive and persistent patterns of behavior violating the basic rights of others. Treatment approaches can include multisystemic therapy, and parent-child interaction therapy.
Gender Dysphoria
Discomfort or distress associated with a discrepancy between one's experienced/expressed gender and assigned gender. Supportive counseling and gender-affirming treatments can be provided.
Intellectual Disability
Characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning. Treatment includes special education, life skills training, and community support.
Selective Mutism
Consistent failure to speak in specific social situations despite speaking in others. Treatment often involves behavioral therapy and family involvement.
Childhood-Onset Fluency Disorder (Stuttering)
Speech disorder marked by frequent and significant problems with the normal fluency and flow of speech. Therapy may include speech therapy and parental involvement.
Attachment Disorders
Includes Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD) and Disinhibited Social Engagement Disorder (DSED). Treatment involves stable, nurturing environments and therapy.
Pervasive Developmental Disorders (PDD)
Now mostly classified under Autism Spectrum Disorder, these disorders featured challenges in socialization, communication, and behavior. Interventions are similar to those for ASD.
Bipolar Disorder
Characterized by episodes of mania and depression. Treatment often involves a combination of medication (mood stabilizers) and psychotherapy.
Tic Disorders
Includes Tourette's syndrome, persistent motor or vocal tic disorder. Diagnosed by the presence of tics and treatment may include behavioral therapy and medication (like antipsychotics).
Learning Disorders
Specific learning disorders like dyslexia or dyscalculia are diagnosed through academic underachievement. Interventions include special education services and individualized learning plans.
Adjustment Disorders
Development of emotional or behavioral symptoms in response to an identifiable stressor(s) occurring within 3 months of the stressor. Treatments can include psychotherapy and crisis intervention.
Rett Syndrome
A rare genetic disorder causing slowed growth, typical repetitive hand movements, and intellectual disability. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms and supportive care.
Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)
Characterized by a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior. Treatment often includes parent management training and cognitive behavioral therapy.
Depressive Disorders
Includes major depressive disorder and dysthymia. Diagnosis made when symptoms like sadness or irritability persist for most of the day, nearly every day. Treatment can include psychotherapy and antidepressants.
Reactive Attachment Disorder (RAD)
Characterized by a consistent pattern of inhibited, emotionally withdrawn behavior towards adult caregivers. Intervention includes creating a safe and stable environment for the child.
Fragile X Syndrome
A genetic condition causing intellectual disability and behavioral and learning challenges. No specific cure, but interventions may include educational support, and medications may address specific symptoms.
Tourette Syndrome
A neurological disorder characterized by unwanted tics and vocalizations. Treatment may include medication for tics and behavioral therapy.
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Diagnostic criteria include a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. Treatments include behavioral therapy and stimulant medications like methylphenidate.
Eating Disorders
Include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-eating disorder. Treatment often involves a multidisciplinary approach including nutritional guidance and psychotherapy.
Substance Use Disorders
In adolescence, substance use disorders may present with a failure to meet obligations, use in dangerous situations, and continued use despite problems. Treatment often requires a combination of behavioral therapy and support.
Non-Suicidal Self-Injury (NSSI)
Deliberate harm to oneself without the intent to die. Treatment involves psychotherapy, such as Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT).
Williams Syndrome
A developmental disorder that affects many parts of the body, characterized by mild to moderate intellectual disability or learning problems. Treatment focuses on developmental and educational interventions.
Childhood Schizophrenia
Rare but serious mental health disorder where children interpret reality abnormally. Comprehensive treatment includes antipsychotics and psychosocial therapies.
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Diagnosed based on deficits in social communication and interaction, and restricted repetitive behaviors. Treatments include behavioral interventions and speech therapy.
Elimination Disorders
Includes enuresis (bed wetting) and encopresis (soiling). Behavioral interventions and sometimes medication are used for treatment.
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