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Major excitatory neurotransmitter, important for learning and memory. Overactivity can lead to neurotoxicity and conditions like ALS.

Important for neuronal survival, development, and plasticity; decreased levels are associated with depression and Alzheimer’s disease.

Regulates mood, anxiety, and happiness. Imbalances often linked to depression.

Part of the endocannabinoid system influencing mood, appetite, and pain. Low levels may be linked to anxiety.

Influences attention, arousal, and stress response. Abnormal levels are linked with depression and anxiety disorders.

Also known as antidiuretic hormone, it plays a role in social behavior, sexual motivation, and pair bonding. Abnormal levels may be linked with autism spectrum disorders.

Influences stress response, appetite, and energy balance. Alterations may contribute to mood disorders, obesity, and eating disorders.

Class of endogenous opioids, they are natural painkillers and also boost pleasure. Dysregulation may impact stress response and emotional well-being.

Not just important in immune responses, but also involved in wakefulness and appetite. Its dysregulation can affect conditions like schizophrenia.

Regulates arousal, wakefulness, and appetite. Deficiency leads to conditions like narcolepsy.

Involved in reward, motivation, and addiction. Imbalances can result in Parkinson's disease and schizophrenia.

Regulates the stress response, and high levels are implicated in anxiety and depression.

Functions as a neurotransmitter and a neuromodulator. It is present in low levels in the brain where it may induce relaxation; its synthetic form is a drug of abuse and can lead to dependence.

Inhibitory neurotransmitter that influences sleep-wake cycle. Excessive accumulation can lead to feelings of tiredness and can be involved in sleep disorders.

Inhibits the release of many hormones and is involved in regulating the endocrine system; alterations can be associated with cognitive decline.

A steroid hormone involved in stress response. Chronic high levels are associated with mood disorders like depression and anxiety.

Regulates sleep patterns. Disruptions can cause sleep disorders and other mood disturbances.

A neuropeptide which when dysregulated may lead to anxiety and panic disorders.

Involved in memory and learning. Deficits are associated with Alzheimer's disease.

A neuropeptide involved in pain perception and mood regulation. High levels have been associated with depression and stress-related disorders.

An endogenous opioid neuropeptide and peptide hormone, it's involved in pain relief and can induce euphoria; abnormalities can contribute to addiction disorders.

Main inhibitory neurotransmitter, it calms neural activity. Deficits can lead to anxiety and epilepsy.

Often called the 'love hormone', it is significant for social bonding, sexual reproduction, and childbirth. Deficiencies can be related to social disorders.

A gasotransmitter and neuromodulator that can affect neurotransmission; its dysregulation has been implicated in schizophrenia and depression.