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Audio Mastering Essentials
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Automated Volume Levelling
Purpose: To achieve consistent volume. Techniques involve using automation to manually adjust the levels throughout the track.
Audio Editing
Purpose: To clean and prepare tracks for mastering. Techniques include trimming, fading, and crossfading between tracks.
Limiting
Purpose: To prevent audio from peaking above a certain level. Techniques: similar to compression but with a very high ratio and fast attack time.
Noise Reduction
Purpose: To clean up audio by reducing noise. Techniques include using noise gates, expanders, and spectral repair tools.
Dynamic EQ
Purpose: To dynamically adjust frequency bands. Techniques combine elements of equalization and compression.
Stereo Widening
Purpose: To enhance the stereo image of a mix. Techniques: using mid-side processing, delays, and dedicated widening effects.
Reverb
Purpose: To add space and depth to the audio. Techniques involve using different types of reverb such as plate, room, or convolution reverb.
Mid-Side Processing
Purpose: To process the middle and side signals independently. Techniques include equalization and compression separately on mid and side channels.
Equalization (EQ)
Purpose: To balance the spectral content of audio. Techniques: utilizing shelving EQ, parametric EQ, and high-pass/low-pass filters.
Compression
Purpose: To reduce the dynamic range of audio. Techniques: setting threshold, ratio, attack, and release times appropriately.
Dithering
Purpose: To minimize quantization errors when converting to a lower bit depth. Techniques involve adding low-level noise to the signal.
Harmonic Excitation
Purpose: To add warmth and clarity by enhancing harmonics. Techniques include using exciters or tape saturation.
Mastering for Vinyl
Purpose: To prepare audio for vinyl pressing. Techniques include considering groove width, frequency content, and dynamic range.
Stereo Imaging
Purpose: To control the width and placement of sound within the stereo field. Techniques include adjusting the balance and utilizing imaging tools.
Tape Saturation
Purpose: To emulate the warmth and character of analog tape. Techniques include using tape saturation plugins or actual tape machines.
Loudness Normalization
Purpose: To match perceived loudness to a target level. Techniques involve using LUFS meters to measure loudness and adjust accordingly.
Metering and Monitoring
Purpose: To accurately assess levels and frequencies. Techniques include using peak, RMS, LUFS meters, and reliable monitoring systems.
Analog Summing
Purpose: To combine tracks using analog hardware for warmth. Techniques include routing digital tracks through an analog summing mixer.
Phase Correction
Purpose: To ensure coherent phase relationships. Techniques include using phase alignment tools and listening critically for phase issues.
Fades and Crossfades
Purpose: To ensure smooth beginnings and endings of tracks. Techniques include applying fade-ins, fade-outs, and crossfades where necessary.
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