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Fundamentals of Equalization
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Cut
Reducing the level of a certain frequency range to clean up the sound or to make space for other instruments in the mix.
Upper Midrange (2kHz - 4kHz)
Boosting enhances presence and clarity, especially for vocals and snare drums. Useful for bringing a sound forward in the mix.
Bass (60Hz - 250Hz)
Boosting can warm up vocals and thicken bass instruments. Cutting helps to reduce boominess and mud.
Low Pass Filter
Allows frequencies below the set point to pass through. Softens overall harshness and can create a vintage or ambient effect by removing high frequencies.
Midrange (500Hz - 2kHz)
Boosting this range can result in a horn-like quality, important for vocal clarity. Cutting can remove cardboard-like quality and reduce listener fatigue.
Sub-Bass (20Hz - 60Hz)
Boosting can increase the sense of power for low-end elements like kick drums and bass synths. Too much boost might make the mix sound boomy.
Brilliance (6kHz - 20kHz)
Boosting adds airiness and opens up the high end. Too much can introduce sibilance or hiss.
High Pass Filter
Allows frequencies above the set point to pass through, removing low-end rumble and freeing up headroom. Commonly used on vocals and high-pitched instruments.
Band Pass Filter
Allows a specific range of frequencies to pass while cutting the frequencies below and above. Used for sound design and frequency isolation.
Shelf EQ (High/Low)
Boosts or cuts all frequencies above or below a chosen frequency. High shelf is often used to add brightness, and low shelf to add warmth or reduce boominess.
Boost
Increasing the level of a certain frequency range to enhance particular characteristics of a sound or instrument.
Q Factor
Refers to the width of the EQ band being affected. A higher Q (narrower band) affects a smaller range of frequencies, while a lower Q (wider band) affects a larger range.
Low-Midrange (250Hz - 500Hz)
Contains the lower order harmonics of most instruments, can add body to vocals and depth to guitars. Too much can make the sound boxy.
Notch Filter
A very narrow cut used to remove specific, problematic frequencies such as hums or whistles.
Presence (4kHz - 6kHz)
Boosting increases the sense of presence and definition; helps in speech intelligibility. Cutting can prevent a sound from becoming too piercing or harsh.
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