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Fundamentals of Equalization
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Midrange (500Hz - 2kHz)
Boosting this range can result in a horn-like quality, important for vocal clarity. Cutting can remove cardboard-like quality and reduce listener fatigue.
Shelf EQ (High/Low)
Boosts or cuts all frequencies above or below a chosen frequency. High shelf is often used to add brightness, and low shelf to add warmth or reduce boominess.
Upper Midrange (2kHz - 4kHz)
Boosting enhances presence and clarity, especially for vocals and snare drums. Useful for bringing a sound forward in the mix.
High Pass Filter
Allows frequencies above the set point to pass through, removing low-end rumble and freeing up headroom. Commonly used on vocals and high-pitched instruments.
Low Pass Filter
Allows frequencies below the set point to pass through. Softens overall harshness and can create a vintage or ambient effect by removing high frequencies.
Band Pass Filter
Allows a specific range of frequencies to pass while cutting the frequencies below and above. Used for sound design and frequency isolation.
Brilliance (6kHz - 20kHz)
Boosting adds airiness and opens up the high end. Too much can introduce sibilance or hiss.
Cut
Reducing the level of a certain frequency range to clean up the sound or to make space for other instruments in the mix.
Sub-Bass (20Hz - 60Hz)
Boosting can increase the sense of power for low-end elements like kick drums and bass synths. Too much boost might make the mix sound boomy.
Low-Midrange (250Hz - 500Hz)
Contains the lower order harmonics of most instruments, can add body to vocals and depth to guitars. Too much can make the sound boxy.
Bass (60Hz - 250Hz)
Boosting can warm up vocals and thicken bass instruments. Cutting helps to reduce boominess and mud.
Presence (4kHz - 6kHz)
Boosting increases the sense of presence and definition; helps in speech intelligibility. Cutting can prevent a sound from becoming too piercing or harsh.
Q Factor
Refers to the width of the EQ band being affected. A higher Q (narrower band) affects a smaller range of frequencies, while a lower Q (wider band) affects a larger range.
Boost
Increasing the level of a certain frequency range to enhance particular characteristics of a sound or instrument.
Notch Filter
A very narrow cut used to remove specific, problematic frequencies such as hums or whistles.
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