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Famous for the work Leviathan, concept of the state of nature, and advocating for absolute sovereignty.

Explored themes of modernity, identity, and secularism; emphasized the importance of recognition in politics.

Known for The Human Condition and Eichmann in Jerusalem, explored the nature of power, and the origins of totalitarians.

Advocated for direct democracy, wrote The Social Contract, and believed in the general will as a collective desire for common good.

Authored The Prince, focusing on political realism and the use of power, endorsing the notion that the ends justify the means under certain circumstances.

Promoted conservative political theory, skeptical of rationalism in politics, and articulated the idea of the state as a civil association.

Defended ethical egoism, developed a philosophical system called Objectivism, and her political philosophy emphasizes individual rights and capitalism.

Known for his defense of liberal democracy and freedom of speech in On Liberty, and for utilitarian ethics articulated in Utilitarianism.

Formulated Marxism, critiqued capitalism in The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, believed in class struggle, and aimed for a classless society.

Known for The Wealth of Nations, advocating free market economies, and the concept of the 'invisible hand' guiding supply and demand.

Provided key feminist insights in The Second Sex and explored the ethics of ambiguity, contributing to existentialist political thought.

Criticized U.S. foreign policy, emphasized the role of media and propaganda, and is known for libertarian socialist views.

Examines race, gender, and class in American society and advocates for a prophetic pragmatism and radical democracy.

Contributed to political philosophy with his dialectical method and views on history as a manifestation of spirit (Geist) and freedom.

Known for the Two Treatises of Government, theories of natural rights and the social contract, and influencing liberal political thought.

Proposed the idea of a universal law of morality in his works, supported republican government, and emphasized autonomy and the categorical imperative.

Developed the theory of forms and the concept of the philosopher-king in his work Republic, and saw the ideal state governed by wisdom.

Prominent for his theory of communicative action, the concept of public sphere, and ideas on deliberative democracy.

Critiqued central planning in The Road to Serfdom, advocated for free-market capitalism, and focused on the information function of prices.

Known for distinguishing between negative and positive liberty and his writings on pluralism and liberal thought.

Known for his work Politics, where he examines the nature of the state, citizenship, and argues for a mixed government model.

Analyzed power relations in society, discussed biopolitics, and critiqued institutions and discourses in works like Discipline and Punish.

Known for his critique of liberal individualism and moral relativism, and for advocating a return to Aristotelian virtue ethics.

Developed the theory of justice as fairness, including the original position and the veil of ignorance in A Theory of Justice, impacting liberal political philosophy.