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Developed the theory of forms and the concept of the philosopher-king in his work Republic, and saw the ideal state governed by wisdom.

Developed the theory of justice as fairness, including the original position and the veil of ignorance in A Theory of Justice, impacting liberal political philosophy.

Known for The Wealth of Nations, advocating free market economies, and the concept of the 'invisible hand' guiding supply and demand.

Known for The Human Condition and Eichmann in Jerusalem, explored the nature of power, and the origins of totalitarians.

Known for the Two Treatises of Government, theories of natural rights and the social contract, and influencing liberal political thought.

Proposed the idea of a universal law of morality in his works, supported republican government, and emphasized autonomy and the categorical imperative.

Provided key feminist insights in The Second Sex and explored the ethics of ambiguity, contributing to existentialist political thought.

Promoted conservative political theory, skeptical of rationalism in politics, and articulated the idea of the state as a civil association.

Authored The Prince, focusing on political realism and the use of power, endorsing the notion that the ends justify the means under certain circumstances.

Known for distinguishing between negative and positive liberty and his writings on pluralism and liberal thought.

Formulated Marxism, critiqued capitalism in The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, believed in class struggle, and aimed for a classless society.

Criticized U.S. foreign policy, emphasized the role of media and propaganda, and is known for libertarian socialist views.

Known for his critique of liberal individualism and moral relativism, and for advocating a return to Aristotelian virtue ethics.

Articulated a libertarian theory of justice, formulated the entitlement theory in Anarchy, State, and Utopia, and opposed redistributive taxation.

Examines race, gender, and class in American society and advocates for a prophetic pragmatism and radical democracy.

Explored themes of modernity, identity, and secularism; emphasized the importance of recognition in politics.

Defended ethical egoism, developed a philosophical system called Objectivism, and her political philosophy emphasizes individual rights and capitalism.

Known for his defense of liberal democracy and freedom of speech in On Liberty, and for utilitarian ethics articulated in Utilitarianism.

Critiqued central planning in The Road to Serfdom, advocated for free-market capitalism, and focused on the information function of prices.

Advocated for direct democracy, wrote The Social Contract, and believed in the general will as a collective desire for common good.

Famous for the work Leviathan, concept of the state of nature, and advocating for absolute sovereignty.

Known for his work Politics, where he examines the nature of the state, citizenship, and argues for a mixed government model.

Prominent for his theory of communicative action, the concept of public sphere, and ideas on deliberative democracy.

Contributed to political philosophy with his dialectical method and views on history as a manifestation of spirit (Geist) and freedom.