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The principle that a government's legitimacy and moral right to use state power is justified and lawful only when consented to by the people or society over which that political power is exercised.

The refusal to obey certain laws as a peaceful form of political protest. It questions the extent of moral obligation to obey unjust laws.

Concerns the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community. Conflicting theories exist, such as egalitarianism, utilitarianism, and libertarianism.

A viewpoint that politics is governed by objective laws rooted in human nature and that moral principles cannot be applied to state behavior. Critics argue it can condone power politics over ethical considerations.

An ethical principle that individuals have the right to secure and not disclose information about themselves. Balances against security measures and data collection by states.

A belief that policies should achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. It can overlook minority rights or justify harmful actions if they benefit the majority.

A theory positing that individuals consent, either implicitly or explicitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to an authority in exchange for protection of remaining rights.

The suppression of speech, public communication, or other information. It can be necessary for protecting social harmony or national security but raises ethical concerns regarding freedom of expression.

Refers to the right of individuals or groups to self-govern. It raises questions about the extent to which the state should intervene in personal or cultural practices.

The act of exposing wrongdoing within an organization. Ethically complex as it involves loyalty, honesty, and protection of the public interest.

A framework determining the morality of warfare. It requires just cause, legitimate authority, right intention, probability of success, last resort, and proportionality.

Suggests that democracies are less likely to engage in war with one another. It raises questions about the interplay between forms of government and international peace.

Equality is treating everyone the same way, often leading to fairness only if everyone starts from the same place. Equity involves acknowledging differing needs and circumstances and allocating the exact resources and opportunities needed to reach an equal outcome.