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Key Concepts in Political Philosophy
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Republicanism
A form of government in which power resides in elected individuals representing the citizen body and government leaders exercise power according to the rule of law.
Political Legitimacy
A virtue of political institutions and the actions within it that are undertaken, signifying that they are justified and lawful in a society.
Communitarianism
A philosophy that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community, arguing that the community plays a crucial role in shaping individuals' values, identity, and well-being.
Democracy
A system of government where the citizens exercise power by voting. It is a form of government in which the people have the authority to choose their governing legislators.
Rawls's Theory of Justice
A concept of justice as fairness, where the basic structure of society is arranged such that the greatest benefit is given to the least-advantaged members of society, based on two principles of justice derived from a hypothetical original position.
Liberalism
A political and moral philosophy based on liberty, consent of the governed, and equality before the law.
Feminist Political Philosophy
A subfield of political philosophy that is concerned with the understanding and critique of traditional norms and institutions regarding gender, as well as proposing alternatives.
Totalitarianism
A political system where the state recognizes no limits to its authority and strives to regulate every aspect of public and private life wherever feasible.
Anarchism
A political philosophy that advocates self-governed societies based on voluntary institutions. These are often described as stateless societies, although several authors have defined them more specifically as institutions based on non-hierarchical or free associations.
Autocracy
A system of government in which a single person (the autocrat) possesses supreme and absolute power. The decisions of this autocrat are not subject to legal restraints or regularized mechanisms of popular control.
Separation of Powers
A doctrine of constitutional law under which the three branches of government (executive, legislative, and judicial) are kept separate to prevent abuse of power.
Utilitarianism
A normative ethical theory that proposes actions are morally right if they maximize utility, or happiness, as summed among all persons.
Natural Rights
Rights that individuals have under natural law. They are universal; apply to all humans everywhere and are fundamental and inherent to the human condition.
Marxism
A socio-economic and political worldview based on the ideas of Karl Marx which analyses class relations and societal conflict using a materialist interpretation of historical development.
Hegemony
The political, economic, or military predominance or control of one state over others. In terms of social and cultural hegemony, it refers to the dominance of one social group or class in a society.
Civil Society
Society considered as a community of citizens linked by common interests and collective activity. Civil society includes the family and the private sphere and is seen as critical to balance against the state's power.
Sovereignty
The full right and power of a governing body to govern itself without any interference from outside sources or bodies.
Conservatism
A political and social philosophy that promotes retaining traditional social institutions in the context of culture and civilization.
The Social Contract
A theory that individuals have consented, either explicitly or tacitly, to surrender some of their freedoms and submit to the authority of the ruler or magistrate in exchange for protection of their remaining rights.
Civil Disobedience
A form of protest where individuals disobey certain laws, demands, and commands of a government. It is often, though not always, done with the aim of bringing about a change in laws or government policies.
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