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Theories of Rights

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Civil Rights

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Rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals, ensuring the ability to participate in the civil and political life of society. Examples include freedom of assembly, press, religion, and the right to a fair trial.

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Digital Rights

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Rights that allow individuals to access, use, create, and publish digital media or to access and use computers and other electronic devices. Some examples include net neutrality, digital privacy, and freedom from digital censorship.

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Reproductive Rights

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Rights related to reproduction and reproductive health, including the right to decide on the number and spacing of children, the right to consent to marriage and equality within marriage, and the right to access safe and effective family planning.

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Political Rights

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Rights that allow individuals to participate in the political direction and decision-making of their country or society. Examples include the right to vote, to hold public office, and to campaign for political change.

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Economic Rights

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Rights related to economic and work opportunities. They include the right to work, the right to fair wages, the right to own property, and the right to education.

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Negative Rights

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Rights that require others to abstain from interfering with an individual's freedom. They are characterized by inaction rather than action. Examples include the right to privacy, the right to free speech, and the right to own property.

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Cultural Rights

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Rights that recognize the significance of culture and heritage, and seek to protect individuals' ability to maintain, contribute to, and develop their cultural identity. Examples are rights to participate in cultural activities, speak one's native language, and have access to cultural institutions.

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Natural Rights

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Rights that are not contingent upon the laws, customs, or beliefs of a particular society. They are universal and inalienable. Classical examples are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness.

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Universal Rights

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Rights that every human being is entitled to enjoy and to have protected, regardless of legal jurisdiction or other localizing factors, often aligned with human rights. Examples include the right to life, liberty, and security of person.

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Labor Rights

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A subset of human rights that concern the fair and humane treatment of workers, which includes the right to safe working conditions, fair wages, and to organize and join trade unions.

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Positive Rights

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Rights that involve claims to certain entitlements or goods, typically requiring action or provision from others or the state, to support the well-being of the individual. For example, the right to education, healthcare, and social security.

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Group Rights

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Rights held by a group qua group rather than by its members severally; they are rights exercised collectively. These can include the rights of indigenous peoples, minority groups, and workers' collectives.

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Individual Rights

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Rights held by individual persons regardless of their group membership or lack thereof, focusing on personal liberties and freedoms. Classic examples are the rights to life, personal liberty, and privacy.

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Social Rights

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Rights that guarantee individuals certain protections and provide for their social well-being. These include rights to housing, health care, unemployment benefits, and education.

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Moral Rights

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Rights that individuals possess merely by virtue of being human; these are moral principles that govern behavior and treatment of people. Rights to life, freedom from torture, and freedom of conscience are examples.

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Legal Rights

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Rights granted by a legal system or by law. They can be created, modified, or repealed by legislative action and are specific to a particular society or state. An example of a legal right would be the right to vote.

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Human Rights

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Rights inherent to all human beings, without discrimination, regardless of nationality, place of residence, gender, national or ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. These rights include freedom of speech, freedom of religion, and the right to personal security.

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Collective Rights

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Rights held by a collective rather than an individual, aiming to protect the interests of cohesive groups such as indigenous peoples and national minorities. These include the right to self-determination and the right to cultural preservation.

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