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Emphasizes the importance of gender in understanding political power structures and advocates for gender equality. Theorists include Carol Gilligan and Martha Nussbaum.

Advocates for the preservation of diverse cultures within a single society. Prominent theorists include Will Kymlicka and Charles Taylor.

Argues for a theory of justice based on two principles: the liberty principle and the difference principle. Associated with political philosopher John Rawls.

The moral principle that people should be treated as equals and have the same political, economic, social, and civil rights. Thinkers like John Rawls have contributed to modern egalitarian thought.

Stresses the importance of community and the shared values that bind its members. Notable communitarian theorists are Michael Sandel and Charles Taylor.

Focuses on free-market capitalism, liberalization of trade and industry, and the reduction of government spending. Milton Friedman and Friedrich Hayek are significant figures.

Holds that state, hierarchies and involuntary institutions are undesirable and unnecessary. Key figures include Mikhail Bakunin and Emma Goldman.

Explores the origins of society and the legitimacy of the authority of the state over the individual. Contributors include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.

A normative ethical theory that judges actions based on their consequences, aiming to maximize overall happiness. Major theorists include Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill.

Centers around concepts of civic virtue and political participation as a means to avoid tyranny. Notable philosophers include Niccolò Machiavelli and Philip Pettit.

Emphasizes individual freedom and voluntary association with minimal or no government intervention. Key theorists include Robert Nozick and Ayn Rand.

Focuses on virtue ethics and the idea of distributive justice, emphasizing the roles of merit and function in society. Aristotle is the main proponent.

A theory of justice that aims at the elimination of class structures and material inequalities. Key figures include Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.

Concerns distributing environmental benefits and burdens fairly, especially as they pertain to marginalized communities. Thinkers like David Schlosberg contribute to this theory.