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Focus on learning and effort rather than comparison with others. Example: A coach emphasizing personal improvement over winning medals.

Technique where athletes set specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, and time-bound (SMART) goals to increase performance. Example: A runner aiming to shave 30 seconds off their 5K time by the end of the season.

Motivation technique where personal satisfaction is the reward for good performance. Example: A swimmer feels a sense of accomplishment after beating their personal best.

Athletes learn by observing and imitating their more experienced peers. Example: A rookie watches a veteran teammate's workout routine.

The process of increasing the likelihood of a desired behavior by rewarding it. Example: A coach praises an athlete after they've executed a play correctly.

Using the social cohesion of a team to enhance motivation. Example: A volleyball team participates in team-building activities to increase unity.

Providing athletes with regular and constructive feedback on their performance. Example: A cycling coach gives weekly performance reviews to their athletes.

Applying consequences for actions to motivate behavior change. Example: A basketball coach requires extra practice for missed free throws.

Techniques that help athletes manage their physiological and psychological arousal. Example: A fighter uses deep breathing techniques before entering the ring.

Athletes use positive affirmations or constructive criticism to enhance performance. Example: A football player repeats 'I am focused and ready' before a match.

Athletes mentally practice by creating images of success in their minds. Example: A gymnast imagines executing a perfect routine before competition.

Organizing competitive scenarios that stimulate improvement. Example: A track coach times regular races among the team members.

Giving athletes difficult tasks that push their abilities. Example: A hockey coach sets a target of 100 consecutive puck passes without error.

Teaching athletes to attribute successes and failures to correct causes. Example: A tennis player learns to attribute a loss to specific skill deficits rather than luck.

Athletes state their goals publicly to increase accountability. Example: A marathoner posts their training progress on social media.

Providing athletes with a sense of control and choice in their training. Example: A coach lets a tennis player decide on their training focus for the day.

Creating an environment that values winning and outperforming others. Example: A soccer team with a leaderboard for most goals scored.

Using external rewards to motivate behavior, such as trophies or money. Example: A basketball team is promised a bonus for winning a championship.

Allowing athletes to watch and interact with elite-level performers to inspire them. Example: An aspiring Olympic sprinter attends a professional track event.