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The quantity of rotation of a body, which is the product of its moment of inertia and its angular velocity. In figure skating, a skater's spin speed changes when the distribution of their mass changes ($L = I\omega$).

A measure of how much energy of motion is preserved in a collision. In sports, it determines how well a ball bounces back after hitting the ground or a racket.

The ability of an object or material to resume its normal shape after being stretched or compressed. In sports, elasticity affects how a ball bounces or how sports equipment deforms and returns to shape during use.

A measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to rotate. In sports, athletes apply torque to generate rotation, such as in a gymnast performing a spin on the uneven bars ($\tau = r \times F$).

In physical terms, work is done when a force causes a displacement. In rowing, the rower does work on the oar to propel the boat ($W = F \cdot d$).

The phase during a movement in which the athlete is airborne. This is crucial in sports such as long jump, where optimizing the flight phase leads to longer jump distances.

A type of muscle action where the muscle shortens while generating force. One application is when a weightlifter is raising a barbell during a bicep curl.

The phase of locomotion where the foot is in contact with the ground. In running, the stance phase is critical for force application and impacts injury risk.

A type of muscle action where the muscle lengthens under tension, often controlling the descent of a weight. In sports, it's important for movements like running downhill or landing from a jump.

The energy possessed by a body due to its position relative to others or due to its structure. In high jump, athletes convert potential energy into kinetic energy during the leap ($PE = mgh$).

The rate at which work is done or energy is transferred. In sports, power is a critical component of explosive movements like a snatch lift in weightlifting ($P = \frac{W}{t}$).

The force opposing an object's motion through a fluid. In sports, drag affects swimmers and needs to be minimized through technical swimsuits and streamlined body positions ($F_{\text{drag}} = \frac{1}{2}\rho v^2 C_d A$).

Muscle contraction without a change in the length of the muscle. This occurs in sports when an athlete maintains a body position, such as a gymnast holding a plank.

The energy which a body possesses by virtue of being in motion. In sports, it's utilized in movements where speed and power are essential, like throwing a javelin ($KE = \frac{1}{2}mv^2$).

The point in a body or system around which its mass or weight is evenly distributed or balanced. In sports, understanding an athlete's center of mass can help in improving balance and stability, like in figure skating jumps.

The quantity of motion of a moving body, measured as a product of its mass and velocity. In sports, momentum is key for sport skills like tackling in football or during a judo throw ($p=mv$).

The change in momentum of an object when the object is acted upon by a force for an interval of time. In sports, impulse is maximized to improve performance, such as in a soccer player kicking a ball ($\text{Impulse} = F \times \Delta t$)

The upward force that opposes the weight of an object and is responsible for the object rising against gravity. In sports, golf balls are designed to create lift for longer flight distances.

The body's ability to perceive its own position in space. For athletes, proprioception is crucial for coordinating movement and maintaining balance, such as when a soccer player controls a ball without looking at it.